The Self-reported Use of Probiotics is Associated with Better Glycaemic Control and Lower Odds of Metabolic Syndrome and its Components in Type 1 Diabetes

Aila J Ahola^1,2,3, Valma Harjutsalo^1,2,3,4, Carol Forsblom^1,2,3, Riitta Freese⁵, Sari Makimattila⁶ and PH Groop^1,2,3,7*

¹Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

²Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

³Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Finland

⁴National Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland

⁵Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland

⁶Abdominal Center Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

⁷Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

^*Corresponding Author: PH Groop, Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki C318b, PO Box 63, 00014, Finland, Tel: +358 2941 25459 Email: