Autism-Open Access
Open Access

Symptomatology of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Sushanth Kumar^{* *}Correspondence: Sushanth Kumar, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States, Email:

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Description

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are among the neurodevelopmental disorders. A number of genetic and nongenetic risk factors have been identified that, either on their own or in combination, may contribute to the onset of ASD, despite the fact that the exact cause of the disorder is unknown. There are presently no demonstrative biomarkers, and the analysis of ASD depends on average qualities like impaired social correspondence communication and repetitive behaving. A variety of pathomechanisms, including synaptic defects and changes in brain development and function, have been suggested to be the cause of these behaviors. Processes that take place outside of the central nervous system can also have an impact on the clinical phenotype and severity.

The term "autism spectrum disorders" is used to describe a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that are clinically different from one another but share core behavioural characteristics that affect social communication, such as restrictive and repetitive stereotypical behaviour patterns and interests. The term includes idiopathic forms of autism, Asperger’s syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) - not otherwise specified, and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), as well as certain genetic disorders like rett syndrome, which can have autistic characteristics.

The presence of key characteristics like recurrent interests, behaviors and retard social development are the basis for the clinical diagnosis of ASD. Learning disabilities, delays in speech development, and difficulties with social interaction are all common outcomes of ASD. Executive function and organizational skills suffer widely in people with ASD. They rarely take the initiative to interact with their surroundings. They may also have trouble processing stimuli and planning out an activity's steps, and they may also exhibit ritualized or rigid behavior patterns. Consequently, ASD is marked by difficulties They rarely take the initiative to engage in social or other interactions with their surroundings. They may also exhibit ritualized or rigid behaviour patterns and frequently have trouble processing stimuli and planning out an activity's steps. As a result, ASD is characterized by difficulties initiating independent behaviours and tasks. The capacity to generalize one's skills to a variety of contexts is another area that is frequently impacted by ASD. Due to probably highly specific stimuli, effected people frequently have difficulty adjusting to new people, things, and environments.

Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), which are also known as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), are characterized by obstruct in the development of social and communication skills. Although symptoms typically begin around the age of 3 years, parents may notice them as early as infancy. Some of the symptoms may include repetitive body movements or behaviour patterns, as well as difficulties with using and understanding language, difficulty relating to people, things, and events. Children with PDD vary widely there are some children whose language development is relatively average, while others speak only in limited phrases or in conversations. The lack of social skills and repetitive play skills are generally apparent. Extreme reactions to sensory information include those to bright lights and loud noises.

Conclusion

In comparison to the other widespread developmental disorders, the childhood disintegrative disorder is extremely rare. After at least two years of age, children with this disorder develop a clear decline in a number of functional skills, such as bladder and bowel control, mobility, and language skills. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which gives doctors the criteria they need to diagnose a particular kind of pervasive developmental disorder, is used to do so. Because there is no specific medical test, such as a blood test or imaging test, that can confirm the diagnosis of a pervasive developmental disorder, it is challenging to make a diagnosis. Some doctors may be reluctant to diagnose a particular type of pervasive developmental disorder in very young children.