Journal of Probiotics & Health
Open Access

A Novel Bacteriocins Inhibited More Number of Pathogens: A Review

Mojess Vadlapudi and Mary Sandeepa G^{* *}Correspondence: Mary Sandeepa G, Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, Email:

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Introduction

Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides, proteins or complex proteins produced by different microbial species. Enterocin TW21 is a novel bacteriocin, isolated first time from the Enterococcus faecium D081821 strain, to confirm a novel bacteriocin before need to study detailed about structure of proteins, why because of amino acids are present in proteins like a strings and also find out bacteriocin was encoded with which gene [1]. Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial infection with a High Case-Fatality Rate (HCFT) of approximately 20% to 30%, it is occurs mainly in elderly, neonates, immune compromised patients, this gram-positive intracellular bacterium is widespread in the natural environment, E. faecium bacteriocins shows antagonistic activity against Listeria monocytogenes hence in this reviews provides information about how to purify and characterize the Enterococcus faecium bacteriocins then these are useful for antagonistic activity of against Listeria monocytogenes [2].

Lactococci producing the broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide lacticin 3147 fail to confer protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection in a mouse model, despite the efficacy of the bacteriocin against this pathogen in-vitro. Diverse groups of probiotics are produced bacteriocins abundantly, bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesised (protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes) antimicrobial peptides produced by mainly probiotics. The majority of probiotics is use today includes species of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), bacteriocins are acts as antimicrobial compounds or inhibit pathogenic microbial growth. Bacteriocins function as signaling peptides, either signaling other bacteria through quorum sensing and bacteria across talk within microbial communities [3]. Bacteriocin carnocin U149 was isolated from Carnobacterium species, carnocin U149 has a bactericidal mode of action, it was shown to be heat tolerant and stable between PH² and 8 [4]. Bovicin HJ 50 is a novel lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus bovis HJ50, bovicin HJ50 was active against Lactobacillus curvatus LTH1174, Bacillus subtilis AS1.1087, Bacillus megaterium AS1.941, M. flavus NCIB8166, Leuconostoc dextranicum 181 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides AS1.2. MS analysis of bovicin HJ50 reduced with DTT indicated that bovicin HJ50 contains a disulfide bridge. However, when assayed in the presence of DTT, the titer of bovicin HJ50 against M. flavus NCIB8166 was neither decreased nor increase. Bovicin HJ50 has two thioester bridges and a disulfide bridge, this would give a peptide with a calculated molecular mass of 3429.96 Da [5]. A novel bacteriocin, lacticin Z, produced by Lactococcus lactis QU 14 isolated from a horse’s intestinal tract was identified. Lacticin Z is a novel bacteriocin was produced by Lactococcus lactis QU isolated from a horse’s intestinal tract. Lacticin Z was active against Bacillus subtilis JCM 1465, Bacillus circulons JCM 2504, Bacillus coagulans JCM 2257, Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917, Lactobacillus brevis JCM 1059, Streptococcus bovis JCM 5802, Escherichia coli JM109, lacticin Z is a newly identified lactococcal bacteriocin with some unusual characteristics, such as absence of a leader sequence and alkali stability, lacticin Z can be an advantage in alternative or complementary use with other LAB bacteriocins. Some bacteriocins, class, producer organisms and bacteriocin acts against which pathogenic microoraganisms was given below Table 1.

Table 1: Bacteriocins from in the year of 2000 onwards, this literature was collected by bactibase database website.

In the above given Figure 1 total five flavonoids were isolated in the year of 2000, plantarum 1.25 beta bacteriocin was isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum, enterocin 1071A was isolated from the Enterococcus BFF 1071, bioticin B was isolated from the Clostridium botulinum strain 213B, lacticin 3147A2 was isolated from the Lactococcus lactis IFPL 105, coagulin A was isolated from the Bacillus coagulans. In the year of 2001 three bacteriocins were isolated, ruminococcin A was isolated from Ruminococcus gnavus, Lactococcin MMFII (novel bacteriocin) was isolated from the Lactococcus lactis and microcin H47. In the year of 2002 two bacteriocins were isolated, mundticin was isolated from Enterococcus mundticin NFRI 7393 and another bacteriocin is serracin P. In the year of 2003 three bacteriocins were isolated, halocin C8 was isolated from the Halobacterium strain as7092, plantaricin 423 was isolated from the Saccharoyces cervisiae, streptin was isolated from the Streptococcus pyogens. In the year of 2004 two bacteriocins were isolated, lacticin F (laf X) and lacticin F (laf A) were isolated from the Lactobacillus johnsonii, and another one is enterocin CRL35. In the year of 2006 three bacteriocins were isolated, divergin A was isolated from the Carnobacterium divergens, salivaricin A3 was isolated from the human saliva and another bacterions are haloduracinn hal alpha and haloduracin hal beta were isolated. In the year of 2009 curvalicin-28a was isolated from the Lactobacillus curvatus. In the year of 2010 hominicin was isolated from the Staphylococcus hominis MBBL.

Figure 1: Bacteriocins are isolated and purified and characterized from 2000 to 2010.

Literature Review

Methods for purification of novel bacteriocins

From 1992 to until now bacteriocins were purified and produced from 442 microbial strains, only few bacteriocins were able to inhibit the growth of disease causing microorganisms. That bacteriocins are as follows (bactibase data base website). Subpeptin JM4-B bacteriocin was produced by Bacillus subtilis JM4, these bacteriocin have the ability to inhibit the growth of 13 microorganisms are as follows. Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus viridescens, Micrococcus flavus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Enterobacter cloacae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis, Pediococcus acidolacti Spirillum cholerae, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Subpeptin JM4-B bacteriocin was purified by following methods, ammonium sulphate precipitation, sequential SP-sepharose fast flow, sephadex G-25 and C18 reverse phase chromatography [6]. Thuricin-s bacteriocin was produced from the Bacillus thuringenesis, it having the ability to inhibit 12 microorganisms growth, 12 microorganisms are as fallows, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis, Pediococcus acidolactici, Streptococcus thermophilus, Spirillum cholerae, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thuricin-s purified through high performance liquid chromatography, molecular mass determined by mass spectrometry ESI-TOF-MS, is 31.37.61 Da [7]. Mutacin-H-29B bacteriocin was produced from the Streptococcus mutans, it having the ability to inhibit the growth of 15 microorganisms are as follows, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus micros, Pediococcus acidilactici, Clostridium sporogenes, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Actinomyces, Garnerella vaginelis, Propionibacterium acnes. Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium smegmatis. This mutacin S was purified by the hydrophobic chromatography from a liquid preparation consisting of cheese whey permeate (6% w/v) supplemented with yeast extract (2%) and CaCo₃ (1%), molecular mass of purified peptide was evaluated at 3246.08+0.1 Da by MALDI-TOF MS [8]. Butyrivibriocin OR79 bacteriocin was produced from the Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, it having the ability to inhibit the growth of 5 microorganisms, are as fallows, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Butyrivibrio crossotus, Clostridium clostridime, Lachnospira multiparus. Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Butyrivibriocin OR79 bacteriocin was purified by ammonium sulphate and acidic precipitation, reverse phase chromatography, and high-resolution gel filtration [9]. Variacin bacteriocin was produced from Micrococcus variants, it having the ability to inhibit the growth of 26 microorganisms are as fallows, Lactobacillus helveticur, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus varians, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus sp-Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilis. Variacin bacteriocin purification process, elution was done with 50% acetonitrile, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid [10]. A novel divergicin 750 was produced from the Carnobacterium divergens, it having the ability show antimicrobial activity on four pathogens are as fallows, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfrigens. Divergicin 750 was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and sequential S-sepharose, hydrophobic interaction and reversed phase chromatography, peptide sequence, 3447.7 agreed well with that obtained by mass spectrometry [11]. Divergicin M35 bacteriocin was produced by Carnobacterium divergens, it shows antimicrobial activity on nine microorganisms are as follows, Listeria monocytogens, Listeria seeigeri, Listeria welshimeri, Listeria gyari, Listeria murrayi, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria innocua, Carnobacterium divergens, Carnobacterium piscicola (Table 2). Divergicin M35 bacteriocin was purified by C18-Seppack column and reverse pahse-high pressure liquid chromatography, divergicin M35 had a molecular mass of 4518.75 Da as determined by mass spectrometry (Table 3). The amino acid sequence of divergicin M35 was found to consist of 43 amino acids with four cysteine residues [12]. Plantaricin K bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum, it shows antimicrobial activity on ten microorganisms are as fallows, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus viridescens, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Carnobacterium piscicola, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus curvatus [13].

Table 2: Bacteriocins produced from different microorganisms.

Table 3: Bacteriocins produced from different microorganisms.

Methods for structural characterization of bacteriocins

Literature was collected from bactibase website structural characterization. Different bacteriocins were structurally characterized by different methods as follows. Cinnamycin bacteriocin produced from the Streptoverticilium griseoverticulatum. This bacteriocin structurally characterized by 2DDE NMR spectroscopy, it having the ability to show antiquorum sensing activity on herpes simplex virus. Actagardine it is characterized by through 1AJI NMR spectroscopy, produced from the Actinoplanes liguriae (gram-positive), it acts against on Streptococci, Streptococcus pyogens, it is considered as a lantiobiotic class. Mersacidin bacteriocin was characterized by 1QOW NMR spectroscopy, 1MQX NMR spectroscopy, 1MQY NMR spectroscopy, IMQ2 NMR spectroscopy. Mersacidin bacteriocin was produced from the Bacillus species (strain-HIL-Y85), it is considered as a lantibiotic type B class. Epidermin bacteriocin resolved by IG5Q NMR spectroscopy, it is considered as a lantibiotic class. Nukacin Isk bacteriocin structure resolved by 5Z5Q NMR, 5Z5R NMR spectroscopy, it was produced by Staphylococcus warneri, it considered as a lantibiotic class. It acts against on Bacillus subtilis JCM 1465 and Lactobacillus sakei JCM 1157. Plantaricin bacteriocin was structurally characterized by 2KHG NMR spectroscopy it was produced by Lactobacillus plantarum (gram-positive bacteria) [14].

Discussion

Variacin bacateriocin it shows antimicrobial activity on 26 microorganisms, it shows activity against gram-positive food spoilage bacteria [15]. Lactobacilli delbrueckii is usually considered as nonpathogenic, but although it has been described as the causative microorganism of urinary tract infection in elderly women and male adult (Table 4). Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease in humans and animals resulting from the actions of neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum and rare strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii. Botulinum-producing organisms are dispersed widely throughout the world in soils and sediments and the intestine of animals [16]. The pathogenicity of B. cereus, whether intestinal or non-intestinal, is intimately associated with tissue-destructive/reactive exoenzyme production, a 17-year-old neutropenic patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed B. cereus bacteremia traced to drinking lukewarm tea prior to her bacteremic episode [17], Bacillus cereus growth inhibited by variacin bacteriocins [18]. Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause a variety of nosocomial infections of which urinary tract infections are the most common [19]. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a gram-positive, coagulase-negative, non-hemolytic coccus that is a common cause of uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. S. saprophyticus is the second most common cause of communityacquired urinary tract infections, after Escherichia coli [20].

Table 4: Bacteriocins inhibited microorganisms.

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium that causes invasive diseases in humans and animals, especially Central Nervous System (CNS) infections. Listeria monocytogenes usually ranks as the third or fourth most common cause of bacterial meningitis in North America and Western Europe. Two species of Listeria are pathogenic; L. monocytogenes infects humans and animals, and L. ivanovii has been considered to infect ruminants only. We report L. ivanovii–associated gastroenteritis and bacteremia in a man.

Conclusion

This isolate was indistinguishable from prototypic ruminant strains. L. ivanovii is thus an enteric opportunistic human pathogen, it causes bacteremia in males and hepatic carcinoma in females.

Meningitis was caused by Micrococcus luteus. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent worldwide causes of morbidity and mortality due to an infectious agent. This pathogen can cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis of the 200 Clostridium spp. known to exist, approximately 30 have been associated with human disease. Clostridium sporogenes bacteremia secondary to lower limb cellulitis and osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent patient.

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