Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
Open Access

Uveal Melanoma: An In-Depth Overview

Nicole Terfloth^{* *}Correspondence: Nicole Terfloth, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Email:

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Description

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular (eye) cancer in adults. It originates in the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveal melanoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer, with a tendency to metastasize to other parts of the body, especially the liver. Although it is a relatively rare condition, it is of significant concern due to its potential to cause vision loss and even death if left untreated.

In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and outcomes of uveal melanoma. We will also discuss the importance of early detection, risk factors, and advancements in research that offer hope for better management and outcomes.

Uveal melanoma, also known as ocular melanoma, is a type of cancer that originates from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the uvea. These melanocytes are responsible for the production of melanin, the pigment that gives the eye its color. Uveal melanoma most commonly develops in the choroid, which is the vascular layer of the eye that provides blood supply to the retina. However, it can also arise from the iris or the ciliary body.

The tumor starts as a growth in one of the uveal tissues and may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. The liver is the most common site of metastasis, and once uveal melanoma has spread, the prognosis can become much more serious.

Types of uveal melanoma

There are three main locations in the uvea where melanoma can develop: 

Choroidal melanoma: The most common type, accounting for around 80-90% of all uveal melanoma cases. It originates in the choroid, the layer that lies between the retina and the sclera (the white part of the eye).

Ciliary body melanoma: A rarer form that develops in the ciliary body, which is responsible for producing the fluid in the eye and controlling the shape of the lens. 

Iris melanoma: This is the least common type of uveal melanoma, originating in the iris, the colored part of the eye. Iris melanomas tend to be smaller and less aggressive compared to choroidal melanomas.

Prognosis and follow-up care

The prognosis for uveal melanoma depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the extent of metastasis, and the effectiveness of the treatment.

Survival rates: The survival rate for people with uveal melanoma is generally high when the tumor is localized (confined to the eye). However, the risk of metastasis to other organs, particularly the liver, significantly affects the prognosis. Once metastasis occurs, survival rates decrease considerably.

Follow-up care: Regular follow-up exams are essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis. These exams typically include eye exams, liver function tests, and imaging studies.

Conclusion

Uveal melanoma is a rare but serious eye cancer that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Early detection and treatment are key to preserving vision and preventing the cancer from spreading. With advancements in medical technology, radiation therapy, and genetic research, the outlook for people with uveal melanoma continues to improve. However, more research is needed to develop more effective treatments and better understand the genetic factors involved in this aggressive cancer. Early recognition of symptoms and regular eye exams remain important in managing the disease and improving long-term outcomes.