Legumes are agronomical and economical important in many cropping systems because of their nitrogen assimilation ability from atmosphere through nodules, anticipated to increase with it’s need in sustainable agricultural practices development. Indeed, biological N₂ fixation is the most significant natural pathway through introduction of nitrogen into the biosphere has been administered. The nodulation on legumes can be determinate or indeterminate development pattern, consisting of three major tissues involving: a central infection zone, an inner cortex that includes vascular bundles, and an outer cortex [1,2]. The carbohydrates and other metabolites are diffusion to the nodule zone via phloem in the nodule cortex and the products of N₂ fixation, either amides (mainly asparagine) or ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid), are exported to the shoot via the xylem [2,3]. Ureide represents the sum of allantoin and allantoate. The point to remobilization of nitrogen from the oldest leaves as the main source for ureide synthesis and accumulation in shoots and developing tissues in the nonnodulated plants, and for the sharp increase in ureides during early pod filling in the nodulated plants when nitrogen fixation starts to decline. Changes in the correlation between nitrogen fixation and ureide levels with transition to reproductive development have been clearly demonstrated [4]. The major accumulation of ureides occurs has completely inhibited the N₂ fixation in nodulated plants [5]. Remobilization of nitrogen from senescent tissues was suggested as the most likely alternative source of ureides and involved in the N-feedback regulation of nitrogen fixation [6]. Moreover, ureide accumulation upon drought stress has been hypothesized to be responsible for N₂ fixation inhibition [7]. The ureide composition under pesticidal stress is not been reported in leguminous vegetables plants to ensure the nitrogen fixation and metabolism altering effect.

Vegetables are essential part of our human regular diet which supply nutrients and minerals for the good health and proper functioning of human body. Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is a leguminous vegetable, having importance due to gum and guran production, utilized in numerous modern manufacturing and food processesing industries. Inclusion of vegetables in daily diet is very essential [8]. However, Guar is frequently attacked by diseases and insect pests. Application of pesticides as seed treatments and foliar sprays has become a common practice in modern agriculture [9], although application of pesticides interfere biochemical process of plants [10]. Hexaconazole (fungicides) and Triazophos (insecticide) are used to control leaf spot and leaf minors respectively in guar [8]. The plant absorbs a certain amount of the pesticides applied; changes in the plant’s metabolism take place. In connection with this the impact of Hexaconazole and Triazophos on several metabolism of legume vegetable, guar has not yet been studied. Hence the attempt had made to study the effect of these pesticides on ureide contents in guar after seed treatment and foliar sprays.

The seed soaking treatments of Hexaconazole 5% EC and Triazophos 40% EC were given separately to healthy seeds of guar. The seeds were soaked in 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.3% (v/v) concentrations of these pesticides for 12 h. After 12 h seed soaking period, the treated seeds were thoroughly washed with distilled water and sown in earthen pot containing garden soil and manure (3:1). The seeds treated with distilled water for 12 hour and sown in earthen pot were used as control.

The first foliar spray of Hexaconazole and Triazophos were applied with respective concentrations on 10^th day while second foliar spray was on 25^th day of plant growth. Analysis of ureide was carried out on the 15^th and 30^th day of growth i.e., 5 days after each spray.

Ureide content was measured according to the method of [11]. One hundred mg of dried and powdered plant material was taken in a test tube followed by 2 ml of 0.25 N NaOH. It was stirred and heated for 10 min at 100°C. After adding 1 ml of 0.65 N HCl at 100°C again it was heated for 10 min at 100°C. 1 ml of 0.4 M sodium phosphate buffer (ph 7.0) was added and it was cooled to room temperature and centrifuged for 5 min at 400 rpm. 1.5 ml supernatant was mixed with 0.25 ml of fresh phenylhydrazine solution (0.1 g of phenylhydrazine HCl, dissolved in 30 ml distilled water, prepared few minute before use. It was kept at room temperature for 5 minutes and then cooled on an ice bath. It was mixed with 1.25 ml pre-cooled concentrated HCl followed by 0.25 ml ferricyanide solution (0.50 g potassium ferricyanide in 30 ml distilled water)). Then the sample was removed from the ice bath and absorbance of colored product (dibenzyl formazan) was read at 535 nm after 15 min. The ureide content was estimated with the help of standard curve of Allantoin (0.05 mg ml^-1) using different concentrations.

Effect of Hexaconazole after seed treatment and foliar sprays on ureide content in guar is studied and results are recorded in Table 1. The uriede content was increased after first foliar spray of Hexaconazole however it was decreased after second foliar sprays of different concentrations. The remarkable increased values of ureide were recorded at 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% Hexaconazole (12.39, 14.12 and 16.48 μ mols g^-1) in guar after first foliar spray. The higher doses of Hexaconazole were act much detrimental on ureide content after second spray. The 0.30% Hexaconazole second spray recorded 2.93 μ mols g^-1 ureide content in guar which is much reduced as compared to control; whereas 0.05 to 0.20% Hexaconazole reported 18.75, 16.43, 14.54 and 13.38 μ mols g^-1 ureide content which was also less than control.

Table 1: Effect of hexaconazole and triazophos seed treatment and foliar spray on ureides content of Guar.

The effect of Triazophos on ureide content in guar was studied and it is recorded in Table 1. The ureide content in guar was decreased after both foliar sprays of Triazophos. The ureide content recorded at 0.05 to 0.30% Triazophos were 10.32, 10.39, 9.12, 6.48 and 4.37 μ mols g^-1 after first foliar spray whereas 14.78, 13.18, 11.56, 8.10 and 6.75 μ mols g^-1 after second foliar sprays in guar. The ureide content was reduced after treatment of Triazophos in all doses; however 0.20 and 0.30% Triazophos recorded much reduced ureide content after seed treatment and foliar sprays.

In general, the ureide content increased only after first foliar spray of Hexaconazole, whereas in case of Triazophos treatment, the ureide content showed a decreased value with increased concentrations after both the spray.

Leguminous plants are categorized into two groups depending upon the transporting form of nitrogen, one includes ureide transporting plants and other consists of amide transporting plants. Ureide contents in the oldest, primary leaves, and in the youngest, leaves during the development of plants grown under nitrogen fixation conditions or of nitrate-fertilized have been studied by many workers [12]. The activity of Allantoinase reported in the primary and the uppermost leaves during the development of nitrogen-fixing plants and plants grown with nitrate as the main nitrogen source. The ureides, allantoin and allantoate are major forms of nitrogen transported from root nodules to shoots in tropical legumes. In these plants, nitrogen fixed is used for purine synthesis. Through a series of enzymatic steps, purines are oxidized to allantoin and allantoate. Ureides synthesized in the nodules are transported to the shoot where they should be degraded and their N content assimilated. De novo purine synthesis is the main route for ureide formation in nodules. However, purines involved in the biogenesis of ureides may also arise by turnover of nucleic acids [13]. However, the biosynthetic route, degradation of ureides starts with hydrolysis of the internal amide bond of allantoin which giving rise to allantoate, reaction catalysed by allantoin amidohydrolase, characterized in plants [14,15]. The pathway for degradation of allantoate into glyoxylate and ammonia, is still under debate and further work. The occurrence of several pathways for the degradation of both allantoate and ureidoglycolate has been reported [16,17]. Most recent reports suggested that plants degrade allantoate to ureidoglycolate via allantoate amidohydrolase (AAH; EC 3.5.3.9) and ureidoglycine aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.3-) [18-22]. The ureidic plants relying upon N₂ fixation as the sole nitrogen source, ureides may comprise up to 86% of the N in the xylem sap, whereas amino acids, amides and nitrate are the major forms of nitrogen translocated from the roots after fertilization with nitrate [23,24]. In these plants, it is assumed that ureides reach high concentrations only in nodulated, nitrogen-fixing plants stem or petiole. This ureide levels has been established as an easy method to determine nitrogen fixation rates [24-28]. There are several reports h showing plant development influences the level of ureides in xylem sap and in leaves [29,30]. Changes in ureide levels upon plant development have been considered an important factor for the use of the ureide as a convenient method to determination of rate of nitrogen fixation [31].

In our experiments, the uriede content was increased after first foliar spray of Hexaconazole however it was decreased after second foliar sprays of different concentrations. The remarkable increased values of ureide were recorded at 0.10 to 0.20% Hexaconazole after first foliar spray. The higher doses of Hexaconazole were act much detrimental on ureide content after second spray. The second spray of 0.30% Hexaconazole responsible for much reduction of ureide content as compared to control. The ureide content in guar was decreased after both foliar sprays of Triazophos. However the 0.20 and 0.30% Triazophos recorded much reduced ureide content after seed treatment and foliar sprays. In general, the ureide content increased only after first foliar spray of Hexaconazole, whereas in case of Triazophos treatment, the ureide content showed a decreased value with increased concentrations after both the spray. The higher doses reduced the ureide content in guar. This indicated that the pesticides impose stress on ureide metabolism at higher doses. However the ureide levels have been shown to rise under water stress conditions also, and it has been suggested that the accumulation of ureides responsible for the feedback inhibition of nitrogen fixation in adverse conditions [32,33]. Recently reported that ureide content increases considerably in nonnodulated common bean plants suffering water stress and drought-induced senescence was considered the possible source of ureides [5]. An increase in uriede content of soybean leaves has been reported by Yukimoto and Ishianj after application of some oroganophosphorus insecticides [34].

The first spray of Hexaconazole was act as inducer for enzymatic system while excess doses may act suppressor in guar. The Triazophos retards the regulation mechanism of ureide synthesis indicated the inactivation of enzymes involved in this metabolism [35]. However there is little information on the regulation of genes and enzyme activities of ureide metabolism. Moreover regulation of ureide metabolism gene expression has been investigated in a ureidic plants [36,37] will help to focus on more details about ureide metabolism in guar like plants to glance on the nitrogen fixation mechanism.