Verapamil has Antiviral Activities that Target Different Steps of the Influenza Virus Replication Cycle

Mohammad Intakhab Alam^1,2, Ahmed Mostafa^1,3, Pumaree Kanrai^1,4, Christin Müller¹, Julia Dzieciolowski^1,5, Eva Lenz¹, Irina Kuznetsova¹, Patricia Schult-Dietrich⁶, John Ziebuhr¹, Ursula Dietrich⁶ and Stephan Pleschka^1*

¹Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81,35392 Giessen, Germany, E-mail: mi.a@viro.med.uni-giessen.de

²Department of Medical Microbiology, Emine-Bahaeddine Nakiboglu Medical School, Zirve University, Turkey, E-mail: mi.a@viro.med.uni-giessen.de

³Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt, E-mail: mi.a@viro.med.uni-giessen.de

⁴Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen & Marburg Lung Center, Graffkystraße 11, 35392, Germany, E-mail: mi.a@viro.med.uni-giessen.de

⁵Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35390 Giessen, Germany, E-mail: mi.a@viro.med.uni-giessen.de

⁶Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul- Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany, E-mail: mi.a@viro.med.uni-giessen.de

^*Corresponding Author: Stephan Pleschka, Institute of Medical Virology, Schubert Str 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany, Tel: 0049 (0)641-99-47750, Fax: 0049 (0)641-99-41209 Email: