Transdermal Ketamine and S(+)-Ketamine as Adjuvants Following Orthopaedic Surgery under Bupivacaine Spinal Anaesthesia

Gabriela Rocha Lauretti^1*, Marcia Amaral², Ramon Dangelo Dias³, Vera Lucia Lanchote⁴ and Anita Leocádia De Mattos⁵

¹School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto- University of São Paulo, Brazil, E-mail: grlauret@fmrp.usp.br

²Consultant in Anesthesiology, São Francisco Hospital, Brazil, E-mail: grlauret@fmrp.usp.br

³Resident in Anesthesiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto- University of São Paulo, Brazil, E-mail: grlauret@fmrp.usp.br

⁴Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto- University of São Paulo, Brazil, E-mail: grlauret@fmrp.usp.br

⁵Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto- University of São Paulo, Brazil, E-mail: grlauret@fmrp.usp.br

^*Corresponding Author: Gabriela Rocha Lauretti, Rua Maestro Joaquim Rangel, 644, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, Tel: 55(16) 3602 2211 Email: