Journal of Plant Biochemistry & Physiology
Open Access
ISSN: 2329-9029
+44 1478 350008
ISSN: 2329-9029
+44 1478 350008
Review Article - (2022)Volume 10, Issue 1
S. persica is a type of chewing stick and its properties showed that it is very useful for the oral hygiene that prevent to bacterial infections. S. persica was used as tooth brush for a hundred of years and still it is utilized as tooth brush in many countries. It had numerous constituents that gave supplements and bacterial protection from our teeth. In the past examination physiological reactions and cancer prevention agent potential under saltiness stress were explored in callus culture. A colossal connection between cancer prevention agent limit and phenol substance was watched demonstrating that phenolic mixes are the huge supporters of the cell reinforcement potential in persica. These fixings can be utilized to forestall bacterial diseases, plaque development as well as gingivitis. S.persica additionally indicated inhibitory action and the cariogenic S.mutans demonstrated fluctuated defenselessness when contrasted and control. The fundamental cariogenic microorganisms in human’s viridians Streptococci, for example, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans are seen as tolerably impervious to anti-microbials. The methanol removes showed a more grounded antibacterial development against Gramnegative (3.3 to 13.6 mm) rather than Gram-positive (1.8 to 8.3 mm) microorganisms. Most negligible minimum inhibitory concentration for E. coli was 0.39, 1.56 μg/mL, trailed by Streptococcus pyogenes (1.56 μg/mL). Most noteworthy, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) regard (6.25, 12.5 μg/mL) was recorded for Methicillin- Obstruction Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Antibiotics, such as, penicillin and erythromycin have been accounted for to adequately expect dental cavities in animals and humans. These disadvantages legitimize that further innovative work is required for the development of regular antibacterial specialists that are alright for the host and explicit for oral pathogens.
Effect of salinity; Callus culture; Dalbergia sissoo; Physiological; Biochemical processes; Plant growth
Salvadora persica is a tree species and its woody part is used as a toothbrush. It has many beneficial properties which were discovered such as it provides prevention against bacterial infections and multiple diseases [1]. Pharmacological studies indicated that S. persica had the ability to prevent and cure antiinflammatory, anti-microbial, aphrodisiac, anti-plaque, analgesic, alexiteric, astringent, diuretic, anti-pyretic and bitter stomach performance, Troubles in nose, scabies, piles, leukoderma, gonorrhea, boils, scurvy, venereal disease, pain in tooth, hook worm, rheumatism, cough, asthma, high cholesterol plasma levels, stress induced ulcer, issues related to spleen functioning, epilepsy, skin diseases along with pain in joints (Figure 1) [2-7].
Figure 1: Image of Salvadora persica.
Athlete’s foot: Approximately 15%-25% people have athlete’s foot anytime in life. The disease can blowout to different body’s parts and other people. This parasitic disease cause whiteness and wet skin in between toes, dehydrated and flaky bottoms, or becoming flushed and bothering of the skin wherever all through the foot. It is not a life-threatening in people with ordinary insusceptible status, anyway in specific people they cause persistent itching and last, fissuring. Couple of individuals is unmistakably clueless of preserving this disease. The contamination can infect to other body parts and people [8,9]. Medicines uses to treatment of athlete’s foot are clotrimazole, tioconazole, bifonazole, econazole nitrate, sulconazole nitrate and miconazole nitrate.
Jock itch: Jock itch is an inflammatory skin state of the groin. There is a burning itching of the inward thighs, the skin is delicate, and the athlete is typically incapable to be completely active. There are three significant sorts: mechanical intertrigo (scraping), dermatophytosis (shallow growth contamination), and candidiasis (yeast disease). To avert muscle head tingle, the athlete should wear lose fitting clothes that don’t bind in the groin and keep the zone clean, dry, and cool. Cool packs will relieve and inflammation. Low-strength steroid creams will help assuage aggravation; however more grounded ones ought to be kept away from in light of the fact that they may cause atrophic striae [10, 11]. Medicines uses for treatment of jock itch are miconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine.
Ringworm foot: In exhibiting this finished investigation of shoes and slippers as a source of contamination or reinfection in instances of ringworm of the feet, we have included a valuable investigation of a little arrangement of cases (25) in which we were keen on realizing whether the living beings found in the shoes and on the skin were indistinguishable. Examination of this arrangement will pursue the discussion of the primary study [12,13]. At the point when one considers the across the board commonness of diseases of the feet because of organisms that are viewed as pathogenic in man, it is just normal to hope to discover these growths investments in personal contact with the influenced regions. It is likewise accepted that the dispersion of these creatures is as general in the mycological as in the bacterial field. Subsequently the human foot would be in visit contact with organisms, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, which could presumably be found at practically whenever on the feet, particularly between the toes, on the tights and in shoes which had been worn for a couple of days or weeks [14]. Medicines use for treatment of ringworm foot are miconazole (azolen, carrington antifungal, aloe vesta antifungal, cruex prescription strength, podactin, secura antifungal, derma-fungal, fungoid tincture, desenex, micatin, micaderm, miranel, baza antifungal, micro- guard, mitrazol, remedy antifungal, critic aid clear) terbinafine (lamisil) and ketoconazole (xolegel).
Impetigo: Impetigo is a very irresistible, super facial skin contamination that most normally impacts children from two to five years of age [15]. There are couple sorts of impetigo are contagious impetigo (non-bollous impetigo) and bullous impetigo. The finding when in doubt is made clinically, anyway on occasion a culture may be important. Regardless of the way that impetigo normally retouches all of a sudden inside around fourteen days without scar, treatment facilitates pain, recover corrective appearance, and forestall the spread of an individual structure that may cause various ailments (e.g., glomerulonephritis). Various choices are available rather than standard treatment. The topical enemy of contamination operators fusidic and mupirocin destructive are fruitful and can be superior to oral counter agent’s toxins. Oral anti toxins can be considered for patients with wide ailment [16]. Oral penicillin V is just sporadically convincing; by and large, there is no sensible tendency among hostile to staphylococcal penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cephalosporin, and macrolides, disregarding the way that hindrance rates are rising to erythromycin. Topical disinfectants are not effective in the treatment of impetigo.
Medicines uses for treatment of Impetigo are dicloxacillin, clindamycin, cephalexin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, minocycline, macrolides are options but penicillin is not. trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline.
Rosacea: It is a normally skin disease in adults, experienced chronic inflammatory with a preference for profoundly noticeable territories of the skin, for example, face. It portrayed by redness of skin, pustules, pimples and enlarged veins [17]. Eyes are frequently included, and thickening of the skin with broadening (phymas), particularly nose, can happen in some patients. Mix of indications and signs centered about the focal face be partitioned in primary and secondary qualities [18]. In spite of the fact that rosacea can happen in anybody, it most normally influences moderately aged ladies with reasonable skin, blue eyes, blonde hair and less regular in skin photo types 5 and 6. Studies have appeared about in the Swedish populace, it is 10% while 2%-3% in France and Germany about 2%-3% [19]. Familial foundation is depicted in 15%-40% of the patients. There are three leukocyte antigens in human-HLA alleles (MHC class II) are essentially connected with rosacea [20]. Medicines uses for treatment of rosacea are doxycycline (vibramycin), erythromycin (eryc), metronidazole (flagyl), minocycline (dynacin).
Seborrhea dermatitis: Seborrheic dermatitis is a typical chronic inflammatory skin condition, described by scaling and ineffectively characterized erythematous patches. It might be related with pruritus, and it essentially influences sebum-rich zones, for example, the scalp, face, upper chest, and back. In spite of the fact that its pathogenesis isn’t totally seen, some hypothesize that the condition results from colonization of the skin of influenced people with types of the variety Malassezia yeasts [21]. An assortment of treatment modalities is accessible, including annihilation of the growth, diminishing or treating the fiery procedure, and diminishing sebum generation [22]. Medicines use for treatment of Seborrheic dermatitis are Medicated Shampoo in which, coal tar, selenium sulfide, ketoconazole, zinc parathion and antifungal cream.
Components of S. persica are mentioned in Figure 2 and Table 1.
Figure 2: Components of S.perscia
| Components | Function | Mode of action |
|---|---|---|
|
Act as rough material to get rid of plaque and strains present on the teeth | Abrasive |
|
Reduce clinically detectable gingivitis - Reduce plaque and gingivitis - Reduce Candida albicans counts when tannic acid is treated with denature bases. |
Antifungal |
|
It has protective activity against dental cavities due to a layer over the enamel surface | Forms a layer on enamel surface |
|
Have antifungal activity | Bactericidal, antifungal |
|
Have a bacterial effect | Bactericidal |
|
It helps in tissue repairing process and healing. | Healing/repair |
|
It acts as a mild abrasive and also used as a dentifrice. | Abrasive |
|
It inhibits the loss of minerals and induces the resorting of minerals of outer layer of teeth | Induces the remineralization and Inhibits demineralization |
|
It acts as cariogenic activity and restore the minerals of tooth. | Antimicrobial |
|
Inhibits the formation of calculus | Prevent calculus deposition on teeth surfaces; Inhibits demineralization and advances remineralization |
|
It represses the human collagen- incited platelet collection and has antibacterial action against E. coli | Antibacterial activity against E. coli |
|
Act as a chemo- preventive agent | Preventive agent It has a role as an antibacterial drug |
|
It has antibacterial, and gum- stimulating effect | As an insect attractant, as a warning agent for natural gas, and as a corrosion inhibitor |
|
Has cytotoxic activity | Bactericidal and bacteriostatic by damaging cytoplasmic membrane, |
|
-It decreases the cholesterol level and protects body from cancer. - Lower cancer risks, lipids in blood and blood glucose reaction. |
phytochemicals |
|
- Linalool contains powerful analgesic and anti- inflammatory properties. - One regular downstream result of linalool is nutrient E. |
Analgesic and anti- inflammatory properties. |
Table 1: Components, function and mode of action.
For quite a long while, therapeutic plants have been utilized in creating nations as elective medicines to medical issues. Numerous plants concentrate and fundamental oils secluded from plants have been appeared to apply organic action, which build up another examination chance and portrayal of antifungal action of the plants. Since plants make a collection of blends with characteristics to fight against microbe [23]. It is typical that screening programs for some under-addressed focuses, for instance, antifungal action, may give up applicant blends for developing new antifungal drugs [24-27]. History and usage of miswak (tooth stick) as an oral instrument similarly as the characteristic effects of S. persica are looked into studies exhibit that S. persica removes oral infection causing bacteria and plaque, for instance, chlorhexidine gluconate, at whatever point used at a high center biting sticks was in like manner used by the Egyptians and Islamic Empires [28-31]. In vitro assessment displayed that the watery concentrate of S. persica miswak inhibitory influenced the improvement of Candida albicans that may be credited to have high sulfate contents examined the auxiliaries of S. persica miswak using three various research office strategies, and indicated strong anti-microbial property on the improvement of Streptococcus sp. likewise, Staphylococcus aureus [32]. Additionally, demonstrated that Enterococcus faecalis is the touchiest micro-organism affected by the usage of S. persica miswak, and saw equal anti-microbial activity either its newly cut from tree or a month old. Relationship of the alcohol and water concentrate of S. persica miswak uncovered the alcoholic concentrate had dominant properties to fight against microbes than watery concentrate (Figure 3). Research has recognized a couple of anionic pieces of S. persica miswak that have anti-microbial effects assessed that these portions had amazing sponsor ramifications for salivary peroxides thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxidase antimicrobial structures [33].
Figure 3: Steps of the extraction process of Miswak.
There is a wide variety of medicines being used as a treatment for multiple skin infections including many bacterial and fungal infections. Moreover, these medicines are also being used to treat inflammation. Many articles explained that miswak plays an important role in maintaining the oral hygiene but beside its role in oral hygiene miswak also plays a vital role in being the cure to skin infections caused by bacteria and fungi along with the cure for inflammation. According to the earlier studies, composition of miswak is comprised of certain components which have an ability to act against bacteria, fungi and inflammation ultimately resulting in a healing effect.
Supplementary
There are many gram-positive bacteria that caused different types of the diseases. Following are the gram-positive bacteria and their causes
Bacteria gram (+ve) bacteria caused diseases
Streptococcus aureus: It can cause the disease like boils, wound infections, skin deep infection and food poisoning. This is round shaped bacteria usually present in upper respiratory and on the skin [34]. The antibiotics that use for the treatment are the daptomycin, vancomycin, gentamycin, clindamycin, ceftaroline fosmil.
Streptococcus epidermidis: This Bacteria can cause the endocarditic and joint infection and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are the vancomycin, rifampin, amino glycosides [35].
Streptococcus saprophyticus: It can cause the urinary tract infection globular shaped bacteria and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are the ciprofloxacin, quinoline [36].
Streptococcus agalactiae: A gram-positive bacterium, coccus shaped, having ability of chain formation. It is beta-hemolytic catalase, negative and facultative anaerobe. It can cause meningitis in new natal and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are the penicillin [37].
Streptococcus pyogenes: Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococci (GAS), is a Gram-positive coccus, facultative that develops in chain and produce various contaminations in people including pharyngitis, tonsillitis, erysipelas, red fever, post streptococcal glomerulonephritis rheumatic fever, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis and the anti-toxins that utilization for the treatment are the ciprofloxacin, augmentin [38].
Streptococcus bovis: This is gram positive bacteria and can caused the urinary tract infections, endocarditic and colorectal cancer ceftriaxone, gentamycin [39].
Streptococcus pneumonia: This is gram positive bacteria alpha- hemolytic, facultative anaerobic member of the genus streptococcus. It can cause the pneumonia [40] ciprofloxacin, penicillin V, penicillin G.
Viridians streptococcus: This is the gram-positive bacteria.
It caused the endocarditis and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are erythromycin [41].
Bacillus anthraces: This is the etiologic agent of anthrax a common disease is the anthrax. These bacteria are the rod shaped and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are ciprofloxacin, doxycycline [42].
Bacillus cereus: This is rod shaped, aerobic facultative and gram positive bacteria, they are present in the food and soil. It can cause food poisoning [43]. This is gram positive bacteria, rod shaped and aerobic facultative they are commonly found in the soil and food. It causes food poisoning. The medicines used for the treatment are Omeprazole, Sodium bicarbonate.
Clostridium tetani: Clostridium titani are the gram-positive bacteria, shape is rod and up to 2.5 micrometers long. It is mostly present in soil and caused the tetanus [44].
Clostridium botulinum: This is, motile bacterium, gram- positive, rod in shape, spore form in anaerobic condition and have capability to produce the neuro-toxin botulinum. It can cause botulism and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are the trivalent antitoxin made by horse [45].
Clostridium perfringens: This is positive-gram rod in shape, anaerobically spore-forming pathogenic bacterium. It can cause food poisoning and gas gangrene and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are penicillin G [46].
Clostridium difficile: This is gram positive bacteria. It can cause the diarrhea. It can easily transfer from infected person that have recently treated with antibiotics to the other healthy persons and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are metronidazole, vancomycin [47].
Corynebacterium: This is gram positive bacteria non- encapsulated, non-motile, non-sporulating rod shaped bacterium. It has high GC- contents and occurs in forbears and caused the diphtheria and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are erythromycin, penicillin G [48].
Listeria monocytogenes: This is the gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic bacterium, capable of surviving in the presence or absence of oxygen. It can cause meningitis and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are ampicillin, gentamycin [49]. There are many gram-negative bacteria that caused different types of the diseases.
Following are the gram-negative bacteria and their causes
Bacteria gram(-ve)
Neisseria meningitides: It can cause meningitis and different types of meningococcal malady, for example, meningococcemia. It is dangerous sepsis. It has additionally been accounted for to be transmitted through oral sex and caused urethritis in men and the anti-infection agents that utilization for the treatment are penicillin G [50].
Neisseria gonorrhea: It can cause the gonorrhea and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are ceftriaxone, Doxycycline [51].
Escherichia coli: Rod shaped, coli form bacterium. It is normally found in the lower part of intestine of warm blooded organisms. It can cause the urinary tract infection and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are Ampicillin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole [52].
Salmonella typhi: It infects the intestinal tract and blood. This disease is denoted to as typhoid fever and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin [53].
Shigella: It is gram negative facultative high-impact, non- spore-framing, non-motile, rod shaped microscopic organisms hereditarily firmly identified with E. coli. It can cause shigella that create fever, looseness of the bowels and stomach cramps beginning a day or two after they are presented to the microbes. It ordinarily settles in 5 to 7 days and the anti-toxins that utilization for the treatment are ciprofloxacin [54].
Vibrio cholerae: This is gram negative bacteria, rod in shape. It can cause the cholera and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are tetracycline, electrolytes and glucose [55].
Campylobacter jejuni: Campylobacter is one of the most widely recognized reasons for food contamination in Europe and US. It can likewise cause looseness of the bowels and enterocolitis erythromycin, ciprofloxacin [56].
Helicobacter pylori: This is also gram-negative bacteria found in stomach. It can cause the sore called Ulcer in the upper part of the small intestine or lining of the stomach. For some people an infection can lead to stomach cancer and the antibiotics that use for the treatment are bismuth trisydicate, amoxicillin, MTZ [57-59].
There is a wide variety of medicines being used as a treatment for multiple skin infections including many bacterial and fungal infections. Moreover, these medicines are also being used to treat inflammation. Many articles explained that miswak plays an important role in maintaining the oral hygiene but beside its role in oral hygiene miswak also plays a vital role in being the cure to skin infections caused by bacteria and fungi along with the cure for inflammation. According to the earlier studies, composition of miswak is comprised of certain components which have an ability to act against bacteria, fungi and inflammation ultimately resulting in a healing effect.
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Citation: Shahid A, Arif A, Rehman MU, Arshad S, Akram A, Samar H, et al. (2022) Therapeutic Effect of Salvadora persica on Multiple Skin Diseases. J Plant Biochem Physiol. 10:278.
Received: 07-Jan-2022, Manuscript No. JPBP-22-15423; Editor assigned: 10-Jan-2022, Pre QC No. JPBP-22-15423 (PQ); Reviewed: 24-Jan-2022, QC No. JPBP-22-15423; Revised: 29-Jan-2022, Manuscript No. JPBP-22-15423 (R); Published: 05-Feb-2022 , DOI: 10.35841/ 2329-9029.22.10.278
Copyright: © 2022 Shahid A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
