International Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Open Access
ISSN: 2329-9096
ISSN: 2329-9096
Mini Review - (2022)Volume 10, Issue 5
Taiiku is a notion which integrates bodily activities and exercises for health, Physical Education (PE), leisure, selfmastery, and sport sciences. Originally, Taiiku means physical education in Japanese. In Japan, however, the notion of Taiiku as PE has been expanding without theoretical dispute. For example, ethnic sport, a traditional dance performed at a local community festival, military exercise, Budo (A Way of Martial Arts: Kendo, Judo, Kyodo, etc.), modern dance, and any competitive sport are frequently included in the concept of Taiiku. Since the Japan society of PE, health, and sports sciences, the biggest academic society for human movement science, broadly accepts research of bodily activities till now, the need for a redefinition of Taiiku is increasing.
Taiiku now encompasses not simply PE but also a full bodily culture. Hence the problem to be clarified is: What is the redefined notion of Taiiku?
Human movement; Health; Sports sciences; Physical education
Analyzing the academic discipline of Humanities and Sciences of Human Movement, which are now called Taiiku-Gaku in Japanese.
Using a Taiiku-Gaku-Gairon (TGG) framework for setting views because TGG allows us to comprehend the entire Humanities, Social Sciences, and Medical-Natural Sciences of Taiiku-Gaku.
Scrutinizing review articles and special lectures published in Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health, and Sport Sciences (Taiiku-Gaku kenkyu in Japanse) permit us to advance the redefinition, for the Journal publishes only the first rank paper within Taiiku-Gaku.
On the one side, the word “Gairon” has two meanings in Japanese. On the one hand, “Gairon” means introduction, which invites novices to give a basic understanding of an academic discipline. On the other hand, “Gairon” also means philosophy, which explains the whole structure, methodology, and aim of the discipline. For instance, the Japanese Philosopher, Tanabe Gen, once wrote a book entitled “Kagaku-Gairon (Philosophy of Science),” which explicates the range of philosophy of science wholly [1]. On the other, Omodaka Hisayuki another Japanese Philosopher too, also wrote: “Igaku-Gairon” (Philosophy of Medicine), which has greatly influenced medical ethics in contemporary Japan [2]. Each previous inquiry enables for a more in-depth exploration of Taiiku's essence. The reason is that the challenge for revealing the notion of Taiiku concerns not only Social and Medical-Natural Sciences of Health, PE, and Sport, but also must look on Humanities (Philosophy, History, and Anthropology). In that case, TGG, which monitors the divisions of Humanities, Social Science, and Medical-Natural Science, is useful in advancing the research of redefining the concept of Taiiku.
On the other side, the research relies solely on review papers and special lectures published in the above-mentioned Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health, and Sport Sciences (Taiiku-Gaku kenkyu). It is not enough to only utilize TGG, for there are innumerable articles and books which are concerned with human movement science, which is impossible to do an exhaustive analysis. In that case, using review articles and special lectures have strong points: (1) Review articles are the culmination of a topic within the notion of Taiiku in so far as published in the Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences, regardless of whether the topic is PE, health, sport, dance, or Budo.
Given that the Journal is dedicated to the Humanities and Sciences of Taiiku, using review articles allows us to better understand the features of Taiiku. (2) Special lectures published in the Journal deal with the topics which relate deeply to human movement science. In that sense, special lectures could be qualified as the equivalence of review articles.
In sum, the confrontation with shedding new light on the notion of Taiiku is carried out through scrutinizing the review articles and special lectures in the Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences and utilizing TGG.
Humanities and sciences of taiiku: Taiiku-Gaku
The notion of Taiiku is explained from the three parts: Humanities (Philosophy, History, Cultural Anthropology), Social Sciences (Sociology, Management, Psychology, Pedagogy), and Medical-Natural Sciences (Physiology, Biomechanics, Growth and Development, Test and Measurement, Coaching and Training, Aging and Health Promotion, Adapted Sport, Frailty Prevention and for Successful Aging).
At first, the humanities of Taiiku have three characteristics: (1) elucidating the whole structure and originality of Humanities and Sciences of Taiiku, Taiiku-Gaku, where in Kataoka, Sato, and Hayashi are well known [3-5]. (2) Reconsidering and redefining notions that have played important roles in human movement science, such as “Physical Education,” “Sport,” “Play,” and so on. (3) Presenting a new research viewpoint through investigating past events. For example, Kozu scrutinized the ethnic sport in Japan [6], Okubo the enormous influence of the French Military handbook “Instruction” on the development of PE in modern Japan [7], and Riordan, why Chinese women athletes in the 1990s had made progress [8]. Philosophy, History, and Cultural Anthropology play a part in illuminating the academic foundation of the notion of Taiiku.
Next, Taiiku's social sciences shed insight on the goal of Taiiku: well-being. Chogahara highlighted from the perspective of sport management what is a task and social duty of sport for a successful life for the older citizens in that Humanities and Sciences of Taiiku is classified as applied science [9]. Itani, on the other side, investigated from the view of pedagogy in the USA that many fitness education programs have been developed [10].
According to her, the programs have particular importance of developing sports skills, affective and social dimensions that are supportive for life-long physical activities. In addition, Toyota and Nakagomi carefully examine the retirement of athletes using social gerontology and thanatology theories [11]. The study concerns, as the focal paper suggests, “a useful framework for understanding and explaining athletic retirement as reconfirmation of ego identity.” The social position of PE and sport is defined in this study, prompting us to reconsider the question of what function PE and sport play in society. The question is now answered by referring to research of Social Sciences of Taiiku: Well-Being as social welfare.
There was numerous mental health benefits associated with movement, apart from the exercise. While we all know that exercise is good for us, it can be seen as a chore that is a thing to fit into our day, and we aren't always in a situation that allows us to do it.
However, regardless of our job or lifestyle, there is always an opportunity to move our body. When we move our body, energy flows through them, our bodily systems are activated, allowing us to function properly, and our brain produces a variety of happy hormones (transmitters) that make us feel good. Some of such includes as below
• Improved circulation
• Improved metabolism
• Improved clarity
• Improved mood
• Improved resilience
It is crucial that we incorporate more movement into our daily lives because the benefits of doing so are abundant. Movement gives us energy, improves our organ health, aids circulation, and keeps our blood sugar levels in check. It boosts our resistance to stress, improves our sleep, and improves our mood. It even drives our social interaction, and plenty of research suggests that moving as a tribe provides even more benefits.
Lastly, Medical-Natural Science underscores the characteristics of Taiiku: accomplishment. This means that research of Medical- Natural Science of Taiiku aims at the accomplishment of human being: realization of victory, improvement, promotion, elucidation, skill-up, rehabilitation, cure, and so on. Muraki examines the establishment and evolution of periodization in sports training in the context of competitive sport [12]. The study benefits to coaching science, which also ultimately targets victory in a sports game.
The same also holds for Ito, Higuchi, Fukunaga, and Nakagawa: they give us a mechanism of the human body, nutrition, and coaching method for athlete’s high performance [13-16]. Kitagawa, on the other hand, looks at body composition measurement methods, Satake discusses trends in human growth and development in human movement research [17], and Demura looks into the subjective fatigue symptoms evaluation scale [18].
These studies are aimed at realizing and improving health. Furthermore, Tanaka examines golf putting under psychological pressure [19], and Hoshino inspects self-control of mental state [20]. Although their research will focus on improving our competitive sports talents, Ohtsuki investigates human voluntary motor control, which might be applied to our everyday lives, as he suggests in his own study [21].
To sum up, the Medical-Natural Science of Taiiku fixes on its goal the accomplishment of human movement for competition and everyday life.
Taiiku is a notion which designates all bodily cultures that aim at the realization of well-being through human movement. The characteristics come from the essential quality of Humanities and Sciences of Taiiku, which researches for pursuing not the truth, but wisdom for human being. In other words, the research of Taiiku presupposes the ultimate objective: the realization of well-being. The research is always focused on human movement as it contributes to the formation of the bodily and social foundation. The Humanities and Sciences of Taiiku, Taiiku- Gaku, are likewise articulated in the same way that the concept of Taiiku is stated above: A methodical search for human wisdom that focuses on human movement. The research for clarifying the essence of well-being can ensue.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Citation: Hayashi Y (2022) Taiiku: Human Movement to Realization for our Well-Being. Int J Phys Med Rehabil. 10:642.
Received: 24-Dec-2021, Manuscript No. JPMR-21-002-PreQC-21; Editor assigned: 30-Dec-2021, Pre QC No. JPMR-21-002-PreQC-21 (PQ); Reviewed: 19-Jan-2022, QC No. JPMR-21-002-PreQC-21; Revised: 11-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. JPMR-21-002-PreQC-21 (R); Published: 18-Aug-2022 , DOI: 10.35248/2329-9096.22.10.640
Copyright: © 2022 Hayashi Y. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.