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Predictive Accuracy of Maximal Inspiratory Pressure, Airway Occlu
Anesthesia & Clinical Research

Anesthesia & Clinical Research
Open Access

ISSN: 2155-6148

+44 1223 790975

Research Article - (2019) Volume 10, Issue 11

Predictive Accuracy of Maximal Inspiratory Pressure, Airway Occlusion Pressure and its Ratio for Successful Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation

1Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
2Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt

Abstract

Background: Liberation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients is an integration of art and science. Most critical-care clinicians have tried to find weaning parameters which correctly predict the outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation in those patients.

Aim of the work: To study the accuracy of the respiratory muscle power indices including (Pimax, P0.1 and lastly P0.1/Pimax ratio) as predictors for successful weaning outcome.

Patients and Methods: This prospective observational study included fifty patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) and met the criteria of the weaning protocol. The patients were classified according to the fate of spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) into a successful weaned group (30 patients) and a failed weaned group (20 patients).

Results: There was no significant difference regarding the demographic and clinical data between the two groups. Pimax, P0.1, and P0.1/Pimax ratio were considerably different between the two groups of weaning (P value<0.05). Pimax with a cutoff value ≤ -22 showed the greatest sensitivity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy (91.67, 87.3, 87.2 and 87.25 respectively) compared with the other weaning indices (P0.1, and P0.1/Pimax ratio) as well as the AUC was highly precise (0.93).

Conclusion: Pimax with a cutoff value less than -22 cm H2O is a powerful predictor for successful weaning achievement in mechanically ventilated patients.

Keywords: Weaning; Mechanical ventilation; Weaning predictor; P0.1; Pimax

Introduction

Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving treatment in critically ill patient; however it is also accompanied by many complications [1]. So, it is advisable to liberate patients from mechanical ventilation as soon as the underlying cause that led to the mechanical ventilation has improved, and the patient is able to preserve spontaneous breathing with good gas exchange [2].

Patients who wean successfully have less morbidity, mortality, and supply utilization than patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation [3]. Therefore, once mechanical ventilation commenced; planning for weaning should starts [4]. Multiple predictors of successful weaning have been studied; mostly displaying good sensitivity but low specificity [5]. Weakness of diaphragmatic muscle considers a major cause of weaning failure from mechanical ventilation [6].

The maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax) represents the extreme pressure generated against an occluded airway during inspiration and is used frequently to evaluate the diaphragmatic muscle capacity in intensive care unit [7]. Airway occlusion pressure (P0.1) represent the pressure generated at the airway opening at the first one hundred ml seconds after inhalation against an occluded airway and it is an adequate measure of the central respiratory drive [8].

The aim of this study was to measure the predictive power of the respiratory muscle determinants including Pimax, P0.1, and P0.1/Pimax in weaning outcome of critically ill patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation.

Patients and Methods

This prospective observational study was conducted in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) in Aswan University Hospital during the period from March 2017 to December 2017. The hospital ethics committee approved the study and a written informed consent was given by surrogate decision maker.

All adult patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours were included in the study and considered eligible for weaning when they attained the following criteria: resolution of the acute episode for which the patient was placed on ventilator, low-level pressure support (8 cm H2O) and PEEP level (≤ 5 cm H2O), adequate oxygenation (partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ≥ 150), FiO2<0.5, alert, and stable cardiovascular status (heart rate ≤ 120/ min, systolic blood pressure higher than 90 mmHg and lower than 160 mmHg) in the absence of any vasoactive support therapy [9].

The patients underwent a SBT for two hours by putting them on spontaneous mode of weaning with low-level pressure support (8 cmH2O) and PEEP level (≤ 5 cm H2O) using GE ventilator (Carescape R860, USA).

Patients who had severe ICU acquired neuromyopathy, primary unilateral/bilateral absence of diaphragmatic mobility, previously failed SBT, or with tracheostomy, were excluded from the study.

All the eligible patients for the study were evaluated by Demographic data (Age, Sex, weight and height), diagnosis on ICU admission, vital signs (Heart rate, Blood pressure, and Respiratory rate), oxygen status by pulse oximetry (SPO2) and arterial blood gas. Ventilatory data including spontaneous exhaled tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, and weaning predictors including, Pimax, P0.1 (measured five times over a period of 60-90 s and the average of these measurements was taken) and lastly P0.1/ Pimax, were measured using GE ventilator (Carescape R860, USA).

Patients who passed SBT without deterioration were extubated and received oxygen through Venturi mask 40%. However, SBT failure was considered if the patient developed a decreased level of consciousness, diaphoresis, RR >35 breaths/min, haemodynamic instability (heart rate >140, systolic blood pressure >180 or <90 mmHg) or signs of increased work of breathing [10].

Statistical analysis

SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software program version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for data recording and handling. Data presented as (mean ± SD) for continuous variables. Student’s t tests were used for the comparison of continuous variables and chi-square tests were used to compare numerical variables. Nonparametric tests were used for abnormal distributed data in the current study.

To assess the accuracy of each weaning index, Receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC) were used and the non-parametric method of Delong was used to calculate the area under the ROC curves (AUC) for each weaning index [11]. P-value <0.05 considered significant.

Results

During the study period, we evaluated 55 patients ready for weaning. Five cases were excluded, three of which had hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg) and two cases had disturbed conscious level. Among the fifty patients underwent SBT, 30 patients successfully passed SBT and weaned from mechanical ventilation (group A) while 20 patients failed SBT and not weaned from mechanical ventilation (group B).

The demographic and clinical data did not differ considerably between the two study groups (Table 1). Mean values for different weaning indices used to guide the success of weaning are shown in (Table 2) and there was a substantial difference between the two study groups as regard Pimax, P0.1, and P0.1/Pimax.

  Weaning outcome p-value
Weaned Group Not weaned Group
(n=30) (n=20)
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Age (years) 39.70 ± 12.36 32.19 ± 11.64 0.437
Sex: No. (%)     0.918
Male 21 (70.0%) 14 (69.0%)
Female 9 (30.0%) 6 (31.0%)
BMI (kg/m2) 28.64 ± 6.83 27.62 ± 6.32 0.644
Diagnosis on admission to ICU:     0.172
Polytrauma (%) 11 (36.7%) 7 (35%)
Sepsis (%) 10 (33.3%) 7 (35%)
Postoperative complications (%) 3 (10%) 2 (10%)
Acute pancreatitis (%) 2 (6.7) 1 (5%)
Postpartum hemorrhage (%) 4 (13.3) 3 (15%)

Table 1: Demographic and clinical data of the studied groups (n=50).

  Weaned Group Not weaned Group p-value
(n=30) (n=20)
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Pimax (cm H2O) -22.82 ± 3.23 -15.83 ± 3.26 <0.001*
P0.1 (cm H2O) 2.40 ± 0.55 1.95 ± 0.63 <0.001*
P0.1/Pimax ratio 0.10 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.04 <0.019*

Table 2: Weaning indices among the studied groups.

Analysis of the predictive values of the studied indices regarding weaning success showed that, Pimax with a cutoff value of ≤ -22 cm H2O had the greatest sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value (91.67, 87.3, and 87.2 respectively) compared with P0.1 and P0.1/Pimax (Table 3). Also, Pimax had an excellent area under the curve (AUC=0.93) with the highest diagnostic accuracy (0.87) among all the studied indices) (Figures 1-3).

anesthesia-clinical-research-operating

Figure 1: Area under receiving operating characteristic curve for Pimax ≤ -22 to predict successful weaning AUC=(0.93).

anesthesia-clinical-research-respiratory

Figure 2: Area under receiving operating characteristic curve for central respiratory derive (P0.1)>2 to predict successful weaning, AUC=(0.72).

anesthesia-clinical-research-successful-weaning

Figure 3: Area under receiving operating characteristic curve for P0.1/Pimax ≤ 0.13 to predict successful weaning, AUC=0.63).

  Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPP Accuracy AUC
Pimax ≤ -22 cm H2O 91.67 80.95 87.3 87.2 87.25 0.93
P0.1>2 cm H2O 56.67 80.95 81 56.7 66.67 0.72
P0.1/Pimax ≤ 0.13 88.33 38.1 67.1 69.6 67.65 0.63

Table 3: The diagnostic performance tests of each index used to predict weaning success in our study.

Discussion

The current study focused on evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of some weaning indices for respiratory muscle determinants including (Pimax, P0.1 and P0.1/Pimax) in predicting the outcome of weaning in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation [12,13]. The present study concluded that; Pimax, P0.1 and P0.1/Pimax reading values were significantly different among the weaned and not weaned groups. the diagnostic performance tests,Pimax diagnosis on admission to the intensive care unit

During correlating weaning outcome with Pimax values in our study, there was a higher negative value of Pimax in the successfully weaned group compared with the failed one. Similar results were reported by dos Santos Bien et al. [14]; however those results were in contrast with previous studies [15].

Regarding P0.1 values, they were significantly different between patients who had succeeded and those who had failed weaning (-2.40 ± 0.55) cm H2O vs. (-1.95 ± 0.63) cm H2O. This variation could be as this test mainly affected by impaired neurological drive which is widely variable between patients.

Pimax.P0.1 P0.1PimaxPimaxP0.1 P0.1PimaxPimaxP0.1 PimaxP0.1 P0.1Pimax

The best cut off value of P0.1 that could predict weaning success varied among studies from 0.5 to 1.5 cm H2O to lesser than 4.2 cm H2O [16], Conversely, de Souza et al. suggested that a value of P0.1 higher than 2.33 cm H2O was associated with weaning failure [17], which is comparable with our result, in which the best cut off point of P0.1 that predict weaning success was >2 cm H2O.

Nemer et al. [18] found that, P0.1/Pimax ratio <0.14 was highly associated with weaning success, this result was comparable with our study, in which P0.1/Pimax ratio with a cutoff value less than 0.13 was associated with successful weaning, but area under ROC curve was inaccurate (0.63).

Limitations of the Study

Our study is a single center study with small sample size, so we need many future studies with a large numbers of subjects to emphasizing our results. Moreover, this study involved patients in the surgical intensive care unit that limited generalization of our results.

Conclusion

Pimax provides appreciated data with greater accuracy to assess inspiratory muscle strength and predicting weaning success in mechanically ventilated patients than did P0.1, and P0.1/Pimax ratio.

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciated the surgical intensive care unit residents and nurses for their help in this research. No fund was paid by any institution.

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Citation: Fahmy H, Kinawy S (2019) Predictive Accuracy of Maximal Inspiratory Pressure, Airway Occlusion Pressure and its Ratio for Successful Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation. J Anesth Clin Res 10: 924.

Copyright: © 2019 Fahmy H, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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