Journal of Applied Pharmacy

Journal of Applied Pharmacy
Open Access

ISSN: 1920-4159

+44 1300 500008

Review Article - (2017) Volume 9, Issue 3

Phyto-Pharmacological Effect of Nine Medicinal Plants as a Traditional Treatment on Depression

Bakhshaei S*
Researcher in Agroecology, Parsiteb Kohan Company, Paprika, Iran
*Corresponding Author: Bakhshaei S, Researcher in Agroecology, Parsiteb Kohan Company (Paprika), Iran, Tel: 0098 5118787430 Email:

Abstract

Anxiety, stress and depression are characterized by widespread and highly comorbid psychiatric conditions in the world that are defined as a negative emotional experience and are associated with biochemical, cognitive, behavioural and psychological changes. Herbal medicine has been widely used among suffering and anxiety disorders since ancient times. The modern pharmacological therapy is costly and associated with multiple side effects resulting in patient non-compliance. Thus there is a need to explore alternative therapies particularly from herbal sources as these are cost effective and possess minimal side effects. This review investigates the available studies on the pharmacological effects of some medicinal plants on depression. The studied plants include: Melissa officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Viola odorata, Echium amoneum, Valeriana officinalis, Aloysia triphylla, Citrus aurantium and Salix aegyptica. The present article is a comprehensive review of the pharmacological properties, especially anti-depressants, anti-anxiety of nine medicinal plants that could be useful for clinical studies to produce an herbal product which use treat depression.

<

Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Anxiety, Depression, Nervous Disorders, Insomnia

Introduction

Recently, the notice to the herbal medicine research and the medicinal plant effects on human health to treat different neurological diseases like depression has increased [1]. Using of medicinal plants had been coming from early times [2]. As a rule, they are used to control mental problems and the soothing agents, antidepressant effects [3], anticonvulsants [4] anxiolytic and others [5-8]. Depression has become a common psychological illness in recent years. According to an investigation by the World Health Organization International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (WHO-ICPE), 6.3−15.7% of the world’s population has been estimated to get depression once in their life [9]. The studies were shown that depression will be the second important disease after cardiovascular disease in the world by the year 2020. Although a wide variety of antidepressant drugs are available to treat depression, most of the synthetic drugs are not without side effects. Therefore, the search for regularly eaten foods with an antidepressant activity seems to be an essential approach to finding an effective antidepressant treatment without side effects. Recently, new research indicated that using of medicinal plants has increased in psychiatry [10]. In Iranian and other traditional medicines, an antidepressant effect has been indicated for some medicinal plants. These include lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Banafsha (Viola Odorata), Echium (Echium amoneum), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), Aloysia (Aloysia triphylla), Citrus (Citrus aurantium) and Salix (Salix aegyptica) [11,12]. Using of the combination of the essential oil of different medicinal plants as a single treatment is common in traditional medicines. For example, in France there is a combination of three medicinal plants (Passiflora incarnata, Valeriana officinalis, Crataegus oxyacantha) that use as an anti-Anxiety treatment [13]. In Chinese traditional medicine, using of the combination of different herbal medicine is mostly common [14]. This review investigates some medicinal plant that can be used in the depression treatment.

Phytopharmacological Effects of Nine Medicinal Plants

Aloysia triphylla

Aloysia triphylla (lemon verbena) is a medicinal plant from Verbenaceae family. It is a perennial plant and native to the western South America. It has been used in the traditional medicine from early times for some therapeutic effects as well as depression [15]. The plant has tonic effect upon the nervous system and has reputation for soothing abdominal discomfort [16]. On the other hand, Aloysia triphylla also has been reported for antioxidant [17], anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects [18]. The therapeutic value of Aloysia triphylla is due to two compounds: Hesperidin and Artemitin [19]. These two compounds are flavonoids [20] with several mechanisms such as abatement of histamine release, abatement of eicosanoid synthesis and effects on the nervous systems to treat depression [21-23].

Citrus aurantium

Citrus aurantium (sour orange) from Rosacea family. In many countries, it has been used in folk medicine such as Brazilian traditional medicine for its therapeutic effects like antidepressant, anti-anxiety and anticonvulsant due to its effect on the central nervous system [24,25]. A total of 22 phenolic compounds were identified in bitter orange seeds, including hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, flavones, simple phenol and coumarin [26]. Some clinical studies reported that the essential oil of Citrus aurantium has been affected on anxiety and depression [27]. Based on the positive effects of herbal essential oils on depression and anxiety and due to the side effects of chemical drugs, they can be a good alternative to chemical drugs [28].

Echium amoneum

Echium amoenum (Boraginaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Iranian folk medicine [29]. It has been used as an antidepressant, analgesic, antioxidant, antibacterial treatment as well as cough and sore throat [30,31]. It has been reported in some researches that Echium amoenum essential oil can be used as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder [32]. The studies showed that the petals of E. amoenum are contained phenolic compounds such as sanding, defending and rosmarinic acid [33]. The petals of Echium amoenum contain Cyanidin 3-glucoside that is the most important common anthocyanin moderate cyclooxygenase-2 expressions by inhibiting activation, translocation of c-Jun and NF-κB factors into nucleus and the production of PGE2 [34]. Based on a clinical research, the neuroprotective effect of cyanidin 3-glucoside has been evaluated [35].

Lavandula angustifolia

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is a famous herb that has a long history in folk medicine and is still therapeutically used today. The essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the fresh flowering tops of this plant is often used in aromatherapy as a relaxant [36]. Inhalation of the vapour of the lavender essential oil and its main constituent, linalool, has shown sedative effects in both human and animal studies [37]. Other pharmacological effects of this oil, including anticonvulsive [38] anxiolytic [39], antidepressant [40], and anticonflict effects [41], have also been reported. On the other hand, lavender is also used as a tea infusion (i.e., aqueous extracts) to treat restlessness, insomnia, and nervous disorders of the stomach and intestines [42]. Furthermore, lavender contains aqueous phenolic constituents, such as hydroxycinnamic acids and flavone glycosides [43], which have been associated with the antioxidant activities of Lamiaceae plants including lavender [44].

Melissa officinalis

Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) from Lamiaceae family is a medicinal plant that is native to the western Asia and eastern Mediterranean and also known as “Badranjboyeh” in Iran, and grows widely in provinces of Tehran, Golestan, Azarbayjan, Lorestan and Kermanshah [45]. In the traditional medicine the aerial parts of this plant, especially leaves are used for medical purposed. It can be used for different therapeutic effects such as carminative, antidepressant, Alzheimer, anti-anxiety, surgical dressing for wounds, sedative-hypnotic, diuretic and antispasmodic as well as nerve calming and spasmolytic effects [46]. Also in Iranian folk medicine, the using of Melissa officinalis use for nervousness, depression and lack of energy in young girls [47-50]. Researches showed that the important components of the extract of lemon balm are citronellal (39%), geranial (2%) and citral (citronellol, linalool) (33%). The extract also contains phenol carbon-acid (rosmarinic acid), flavonglychoside acids and as threeterpinene (3).

Salix aegyptiaca

Salix aegyptiaca (Musk Willow) belongs to Salicaceae family. It is native to Southwest Asia. In Iran it is found in some province. The flowers are important parts of the plant for therapeutic purposes that separate to male flower and female flower and each plant only has one sex [51]. In Iranian traditional medicine the male inflorescences distillate has been used to treat depression, anemia, vertigo, as well as cardiovascular problems. Based on the researches, the main compounds of the inflorescences extracts are phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, quercetin, rutin, salicin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, myricetin, catechin and vanillin. On the other hand, inflorescences distillate can be used as sedative, laxative, somnolent, gastroprotection, aphrodisiac, orexigenic as well as carminative [52].

Valeriana officinalis

Valeriana officinalis is a medicinal plant belongs to Valerianaceae family that also called Valerian. Valerian is native to Asia and Europe and has been introduced into the North America. In the traditional folk medicine the root extract of Valerian has been used as an antidepressant, anxiolytic, sedative insomnia, anxiety and sleep disorders treatment. The therapeutic properties are due to main active compounds that are present in the extract such as valenol, valepotriates, baldrinals valerenic as well as a few alkaloids [53-58].

Viola odorata

Viola odorata (Sweet violet) is an herbal plant from the Violaceae family. It is native to Asia and Europe and also introduced to North America and Australia [59]. In traditional Iranian folk medicine it has been used to treat depression respiratory ailments, congestion, sore throat, insomnia, anxiety blood pressure as well as coughs [60,61]. Sweet violet contains glycoside, mucilage, methyl salicylate as well as alkaloid [61]. Based on recent studies, the main compounds in the Violet’s leaves are glycoside of salicylic acid that has been used for to treat body pains and headaches. Also, Violet’s flower has been used as an antidepressant, anti-insomnia laxative, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, blood pressure lowering and anti-septic treatment [62].

Cinnamomum verum

Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) is a small evergreen tree from Lauraceae family. Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka. It has a lot of therapeutic effect such as antidepressants, anti-microbial, antioxidant and anti-viral. Cinnamaldehyde and proanthocyanidins are the major compounds of cinnamon’s essential oil that cause of many therapeutic effects [63,64]. Procyanidins (procyanidin A-type and B-type linkages) and catechins are present in the cinnamon’s barks and use for the antioxidant activities [65]. In addition, some studies reported that cinnamon can reduce the risks of colon cancer by improving the colon’s health [66].

Future Direction

Considering therapeutic potential of these nine medicinal plants in terms of their efficacy and adaptability is such that combination of them as one organic product can be noticed in future, since depression is becoming more epidemic around the world especially in developing countries as an organic product by using local knowledge can reduce many problems associated with the use of chemical drugs and their side effects to a large extent (Table 1).

Plant Plant Part used Bioactive Compounds Screened Activity
Aloysia triphylla Roots Flavonoids (Artemitin and Hesperidin) Antidepressant, anti-inflammatory [23]
Citrus aurantium Flowers Phenolic compounds like flavanone glycosides, hydroxycinnamic acids Antidepressant, anticonvulsant, antianxiety, antioxidant [24]
Echium amoneum Leaves and flowers Phenolic compounds like rosmarinic acid, cyanidin, and delphinidin Antidepressant, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-cholesterol, antibacterial, anti-diabetic and antioxidant [30,31]
Lavandula angustifolia Flowers Phenolic compounds like hydroxycinnamic acids and flavone glycosides Antidepressant, anticonvulsive, anxiolytic, antioxidant [40]
Melissa officinalis Leaves and stems Citronellal, citral (citronellol, linalool), geranial, threeterpinene, phenol carbon-acid (rosmarinic acid), and flavonglychoside acids Antidepressant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antioxidant [47]
Salix aegyptiaca Leaves and stem bark Phenolic compounds like gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin and p-coumaric acid, myricetin, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, rutin, quercetin and salicin Antidepressant, antioxidant, anti-vertigo, anti-anemia [52]
Viola odorata Leaves and flowers Alkaloid, glycoside, saponins, methyl slicylate, mucilage and vitamin C, Cycloviolacin O2 (CyO2) Antidepressant, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-cholesterol, anti-blood pressure, anti-cancer and anti-tumor [60]
Valeriana officinalis Leaves Alkaloid, glycoside, saponins, methyl salicylate and mucilage Antidepressant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, laxative, anti-septic, anti-hyperlipidemia [57]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Stem bark and leaves Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde, camphor, procyanidins and catechins Antidepressant, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory [66]

Table 1: Nine medicinal plants with evidence of their activities.

Acknowledgements

Author is grateful to Parsiteb Kohan Company (Paprika) for their support and providing necessary facilities to carry the research.

References

  1. Fusco D, Colloca G, Monaco MRL, Cesari M (2007) Effects of antioxidant supplementation on the aging process. Clin Interv Aging 2: 377-387.
  2. Umezu T, Ito H, Nagano K, Yamakoshi M, Oouchi H, et al. (2002) Anticonflict effects of rose oil and identification of its active constituents. Life Sci 72: 91-102.
  3. Lehrner J, Eckersberger C, Walla P, Potsch G, Deecke L (2000) Ambient odor of orange in a dental office reduces anxiety and improves mood in female patients. Physiol Behav 71: 83-86.
  4. De-Souza MM, Garbeloto M, Denez K, Eger-Mangrich I (2006) Evaluation of the central effects of Bach flowers on mice through specific pharmacological models. Rev Bras Farmacogn 16: 365-371.
  5. de Barros GS, Silva CMM, de Abreu MATOS FJ (2000) Anticonvulsant activity of essential oils and active principles from chemotypes of Lippia alba (Mill.) NE Brown. Biol Pharm Bull 23: 1314-1317.
  6. Ferronatto R, Marchesan ED, Pezenti E, Bednarski F, Onofre SB (2007) Antimicrobial activity of essential oils produced by Baccharis dracunculifolia DC and Baccharis uncinella DC (Asteraceae). Braz J Pharmacog 17: 224-230.
  7. Barbosa-Filho JM, Cunha RM, Dias CS, Athayde-Filho PF, Silva MS, et al. (2008) GC-MS Analysis and cardiovascular activity of the essential oil of Ocotea duckei. Rev Bras Farmacogn 18: 37-41.
  8. Sousa PJ, Barros CA, Rocha JCS, Lira DS, Monteiro GM, et al. (2008) Toxicological evaluation of the essential oil of Piper aduncum L. Rev Bras Farmacogn 18: 217-221.
  9. Andrade L, Caraveo‐anduaga JJ, Berglund P, Bijl RV, Graaf RD, et al. (2003) The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys. Int J Methods Psych Res 12: 3-21.
  10. Garcia-Garcia P, Lopez-Munoz F, Rubio G, Martin-Agueda B, Alamo C (2008) Phytotherapy and psychiatry: bibliometric study of the scientific literature from the last 20 years. Phymed 15: 566-576.
  11. Elliott MSJ, Abuhamdah S, Howes MJR, Lees G, Ballard CG, et al. (2007) The essential oils from Melissa officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. as potential treatment for agitation in people with severe dementia. Int J Essent Oil Ther 1: 143-52.
  12. Valli M, Paubert‐Braquet M, Picot S, Fabre R, Lefrancois G, et al. (1991) Euphytose®, an association of plant extracts with anxiolytic activity: investigation of its mechanism of action by an in vitro binding study. Phytother Res 5: 241-244.
  13. Yuan R, Lin Y (2000) Traditional Chinese medicine: an approach to scientific proof and clinical validation. Pharmacol Ther 86: 191-198.
  14. Pascual ME, Slowing K, Carretero E, Mata DS, Villar A (2001) Lippia: traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology: a review. J ethnopharmacol 76: 201-214.
  15. Guerrera PM, Leporatti ML, Foddai S, Moretto D, Mercantini R (1995) Antimycotic activity of essential oil of Lippia citriodora Kunt (Aloysia triphylla Britton). Riv It EPPOS 15: 23-25.
  16. Valentao P, Fernandes E, Carvalho F, Andrade PB, Seabra RM (2002) Studies on the antioxidant activity of Lippia citriodora infusion: scavenging effect on superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hypochlorous acid. Biol Pharm Bulletin 25: 1324-1327.
  17. Qnais E, Abu-Safieh K, Abu-Dieyeh M, Abdulla F (2009) Antinociceptive effect of two flavonoids from Aloysia Triphylla L. Jordan J Biol Sci 2: 167-170.
  18. Zarga MA, Qauasmeh R, Sabri S, Munsoor M, Abdalla S (1995) Chemical constituents of Artemisia arborescens and the effect of the aqueous extract on rat isolated smooth muscle. Planta medica 61: 242-245.
  19. Lu Y, Zhang C, Bucheli P, Wei D (2006) Citrus flavonoids in fruit and traditional Chinese medicinal food ingredients in China. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 61: 55-63.
  20. Emim JADS, Oliveira AB, Lapa AJ (1994) Pharmacological Evaluation of the Anti‐inflammatory Activity of a Citrus Bioflavonoid, Hesperidin, and the Isoflavonoids, Duartin and Claussequinone, in Rats and Mice. J pharm Pharmacol 46: 118-122.
  21. Jean T, Bodinier MC (1994) Mediators involved in inflammation: effects of Daflon 500 mg on their release. Angiology 45.
  22. Marder M, Viola H, Wasowski C, Fernandez S, Medina JH, et al. (2003) 6-Methylapigenin and hesperidin: new valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS. Pharmacol Biochem Be 75: 537-545.
  23. Agra MDF, Silva KN, Basilio IJLD, Freitas PFD, Barbosa-Filho JM (2008) Survey of medicinal plants used in the region Northeast of Brazil. Rev Bras Farmacogn 18: 472-508.
  24. Retiveau AN, Milliken G (2004) Common and specific effects of fine fragrances on the mood of women. J Sens Stud 19: 373-394.
  25. Moulehi I, Bourgou S, Ourghemmi I, Tounsi MS (2012) Variety and ripening impact on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seeds extracts. Ind Crop Prod 39: 74-80.
  26. Hwang JH (2006) The effects of the inhalation method using essential oils on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 36: 1123-1134.
  27. Gumnick JF, Nemeroff CB (2000) Problems with currently available antidepressants. J Clin Psychiat 61: 5-15.
  28. Hooper D, McNair JB, Field H (1937) Useful plants and drugs of Iran and Iraq. Field Museum of Natural History.
  29. Abolhassani M (2004) Antibacterial effect of borage (Echium amoenum) on Staphylococcus aureus. Braz J Inf Dis 8: 382-385.
  30. Amirghofran Z, Azadbakht M, Keshavarzi F (2000) Echium amoenum stimulate of lymphocyte proliferation and inhibit of humoral antibody synthesis. Irn J Med Sci 25: 119-124.
  31. Sayyah M, Boostani H, Pakseresht S, Malaieri A (2009) Efficacy of aqueous extract of Echium amoenum in treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33: 1513-1516.
  32. Mehrabani M, Ghassemi N, Ghannadi ESA, Shams-Ardakani M (2005) Main phenolic compound of petals of Echium amoenum Fisch. and CA Mey., a famous medicinal plant of Iran. DARU J Pharm Sci 13: 65-69.
  33. Munoz-Espada AC, Watkins BA (2006) Cyanidin attenuates PGE 2 production and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. J Nutri Biochem 17: 589-596.
  34. Min J, Yu SW, Baek SH, Nair KM, Bae ON, et al. (2011) Neuroprotective effect of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside anthocyanin in mice with focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 500: 157-161.
  35. Lis-Balchin M (2006) Aromatherapy science: a guide for healthcare professionals. Pharmaceutical Press.
  36. Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, Jager W (1991) Aromatherapy: evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46: 1067-1072.
  37. Yamada K, Mimaki Y, Sashida Y (1994) Anticonvulsive effects of inhaling lavender oil vapour. Biol Pharm Bulletin 17: 359-360.
  38. Bradley BF, Starkey NJ, Brown SL, Lea RW (2007) Anxiolytic effects of Lavandula angustifolia odour on the Mongolian gerbil elevated plus maze. J ethnopharmacol 111: 517-525.
  39. Seol GH, Shim HS, Kim PJ, Moon HK, Lee KH, et al. (2010) Antidepressant-like effect of Salvia sclarea is explained by modulation of dopamine activities in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 130: 187-190.
  40. Umezu T, Nagano K, Ito H, Kosakai K, Sakaniwa M, et al. (2006) Anticonflict effects of lavender oil and identification of its active constituents. Pharmacol Biochem Be 85: 713-721.
  41. Blumenthal M (1998) Lavender flower. The complete German Commission E monographs: Therapeutic guide to herbal medicine.
  42. Harborne JB, Williams CA (2002) Phytochemistry of the genus Lavandula. CRC Press: London.
  43. Zheng W, Wang SY (2001) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J Agri Food chem 49: 5165-5170.
  44. Emamghoreishi M, Talebianpour MS (2015) Antidepressant effect of Melissa officinalis in the forced swimming test. DARU J Pharm Sci 17: 42-47.
  45. Taherpour A, Maroofi H, Rafie Z, Larijani K (2012) Chemical composition analysis of the essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. from Kurdistan, Iran by HS/SPME method and calculation of the biophysicochemical coefficients of the components. Nat Prod Res 26: 152-160.
  46. Shafie-Zadeh F (2002) Lorestan medicinal plants. Lorestan University of Medical Sciences.
  47. Ulbricht C, Brendler T, Gruenwald J, Kligler B, Keifer D, et al. (2005) Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) an evidence-based systematic review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Herb Pharmacother 5: 71-114.
  48. Dibble LE, Hale TF, Marcus RL, Gerber JP, LaStayo PC (2009) High intensity eccentric resistance training decreases bradykinesia and improves quality of life in persons with Parkinson's disease: a preliminary study. Parkinsonism Relat D 15: 752-757.
  49. Niranjan R (2014) The role of inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease: focus on astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 49: 28-38.
  50. Sonboli A, Mojarrad M, Ebrahimi SN, Enayat S (2010) Free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of methanolic extracts from male inflorescence of Salix aegyptiaca grown in Iran. Iran J Pharm Res 9: 293.
  51. Karimi I, Hayatgheybi H, Kamalak A, Pooyanmehr M, Marandi Y (2011) Chemical composition and effect of an essential oil of Salix aegyptiaca L., Salicaceae,(musk willow) in hypercholesterolemic rabbit model. Rev Bras Farmacogn 21: 407-414.
  52. Houghton PJ (1999) The scientific basis for the reputed activity of Valerian. J Pharm Pharmacol 51: 505-512.
  53. Diaper A, Hindmarch I (2004) A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled investigation of the effects of two doses of a valerian preparation on the sleep, cognitive and psychomotor function of sleep‐disturbed older adults. Phytother Res 18: 831-836.
  54. Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A (2001) Comparative biological activity study on Passiflora incarnata and P. edulis. Fitoterapia 72: 698-702.
  55. Shanthi R, Parasakthy K, Deepalakshmi PD, Niranjali DS (1996) Protective effect of tincture of Crataegus on oxidative stress in experimental atherosclerosis in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 20: 211-223.
  56. Cropley M, Cave Z, Ellis J, Middleton RW (2002) Effect of kava and valerian on human physiological and psychological responses to mental stress assessed under laboratory conditions. Phytother Res 16: 23-27.
  57. Roehrs T, Roth T (2000) Sleep-wake state and memory function. Sleep 23: 64-68.
  58. Asakawa B, Asakawa S (2001) California Gardener's Guide. Cool Springs Press.
  59. Arctander S (1960) Perfume and flavor materials of natural origin. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin.
  60. Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nabavi SM, Nabavi SF, Bahramian F, Bekhradnia AR (2010) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of H. officinalis L. var. angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcana and C. speciosum. Pak J Pharm Sci 23: 29-34.
  61. Vishal A, Parveen K, Pooja S, Kannappan N, Kumar S (2009) Diuretic, laxative and toxicity Studies of Viola odorata aerial parts. Pharmacol online 1: 739-748.
  62. Anderson RA, Roussel AM (2008) Cinnamon, glucose and insulin sensitivity. Nutraceuticals, glycemic health and type 2: 127-140.
  63. Bastianetto S, Krantic S, Quirion R (2008) Polyphenols as potential inhibitors of amyloid aggregation and toxicity: possible significance to Alzheimer's disease. Mini Rev Med Chem 8: 429-435.
  64. Anderson RA, Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, Schmidt WF, Khan A, et al. (2004) Isolation and characterization of polyphenol type-A polymers from cinnamon with insulin-like biological activity. J Agri food chem 52: 65-70.
  65. Wondrak GT, Villeneuve NF, Lamore SD, Bause AS, Jiang T, et al. (2010) The cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamic aldehyde activates the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response in human epithelial colon cells. Molecules 15: 3338-3355.
  66. Kim SH, Hyun SH, Choung SY (2006) Anti-diabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. J Ethnopharmacol 104: 119-123.
Citation: Bakhshaei S (2017) Phyto-Pharmacological Effect of Nine Medicinal Plants as a Traditional Treatment on Depression. J Appl Pharm 9:244.

Copyright: © 2017 Bakhshaei S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Top