Journal of Medical & Surgical Pathology
Open Access

Note on Various Types of General Pathology

Avani Nimavat^{* *}Correspondence: Avani Nimavat, Department of Anatomy, University of New South Wales, South Wales, Australia, Email:

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Description

General pathology refers to a variety of different but related medical specialties that diagnose disease, primarily through the analysis of tissue, cell, and body fluid samples; it is frequently used in more limited manner when used in the context of recent medical treatment. Now-a-days medical diagnosis and research, pathology is a significant field.

Anatomical pathology

The diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, chemical, immunologic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and bodies is the emphasis of the medical field known as anatomical pathology or anatomic pathology. Surgical pathology, cytopathology, and forensic pathology are the three primary subfields of anatomical pathology.

Surgical pathology: Surgical pathology examines surgical specimens of tissues taken from patients in order to diagnose disease and to provide guidance for patient care.

Cytopathology: Cytopathology (sometimes referred to as "cytology") is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. It is typically used to assist with the diagnosis of cancer, but it is also useful for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions, disorders affecting sterile body cavities (peritoneal, pleural, and cerebrospinal), as well as a variety of other body areas. Cytopathologic tests are sometimes referred to as "smear tests" because the samples may be smeared across a glass microscope slide for subsequent staining and microscopic examination.

Forensic pathology: Forensic pathology focuses on determining the cause of death by post-mortem examination of a corpse or partial remains. A coroner or medical examiner typically conducts an autopsy, frequently as part of a criminal inquiry; in this position, coroners and medical examiners are frequently required to confirm the identity of a corpse. Examining tissue samples for the presence or absence of natural disease and other microscopic findings, interpreting toxicology results from body tissues and fluids to identify the chemical cause of overdoses, poisonings, or other cases involving toxic agents, and examining physical trauma are some of the techniques used by forensic scientists to determine death. A significant part of the transdisciplinary field of forensic science is forensic pathology.

Clinical pathology

Clinical pathology is a branch of medicine that deals with illness diagnosis based on laboratory examinations of tissues and physiological fluids including blood and urine, employing the techniques of chemistry, clinical microbiology, haematology, and molecular pathology.

Molecular pathology

The study and diagnosis of disease by molecular analysis of organs, tissues, or body fluids is the focus of molecular pathology.

Molecular pathology is multidisciplinary by nature and includes some aspects of therapy with molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics, genetics, anatomic pathology, and clinical pathology. It is often applied in a context that is as much scientific as directly medical and encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human diseases, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, and the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to particular disorders. Molecular pathological epidemiology" illustrates the intersection of molecular pathology and epidemiology. Cancer and infectious illness diagnosis can include molecular pathology. Infectious diseases and malignancies, including melanoma, brainstem glioblastoma, brain tumours, as well as many other types of cancers, are the main targets of molecular pathology.