Macrophage Polarization: Decisions That Affect Health

Charles D Mills^1*, Robert A Harris² and Klaus Ley³

¹BioMedical Consultants, Marine on St. Croix, MN 55047, USA

²Applied Immunology & Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

³La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA

^*Corresponding Author: Charles D Mills, PhD, BioMedical Consultants, Marine On St. Croix, MN 55047, USA Email:

Keywords: Macrophage; Innate immunity; Polarization M1, M2; iNOS; Arginase; Th1; Th2

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