Journal of Fertilization: In Vitro - IVF-Worldwide, Reproductive Medicine, Genetics & Stem Cell Biol

Journal of Fertilization: In Vitro - IVF-Worldwide, Reproductive Medicine, Genetics & Stem Cell Biol
Open Access

ISSN: 2375-4508

+44 1478 350008

Research Article - (2019)Volume 7, Issue 1

Effect of different types of in vitro maturation medium (IVM) on maturation rate of non-vitrified and post vitrified-thawed pig follicular oocytes

Krishna Kalita1, Deka BC2, Biswas RK2, Barua PM2, Borah P3, Dutta DJ4 and Das SK5
 
*Correspondence: Dr. Krishna Kalita, PhD, Research Scholar, Department of A.R.G.O, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22, Assam, India, Tel: 097060 63310, Email:

Author info »

Abstract

Purpose: To study the effect of different types of In vitro maturation medium on cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation rate of non-vitrified and post vitrified-thawed porcine follicular oocytes.

Methods: Three different In vitro Maturation (IVM) media (IVM-I contained only hormones and growth factors, IVM-II contained porcine follicular fluid along with hormones and growth factors and IVM-III contained porcine follicular fluid, foetal bovine serum and growth factors without any hormone) were prepared using modified tissue culture medium (TCM-199) as a base medium for the study. Porcine oocytes were collected and IVM in above media was done for 48 h.

Results: In case of non-vitrified and vitrified oocytes the rate of cumulus cells expansion did not differ significantly, but nuclear  maturation rate differed significantly between IVM media. The nuclear maturation rate was significantly higher in IVM-II and IVM-III than in IVM-I both for non-vitrified and vitrified groups.

Conclusion: Addition of follicular fluid to the IVM media leads to significantly higher nuclear maturation rate for both vitrified and non-vitrified porcine follicular oocytes.

Keywords

Vitrification; In Vitro maturation; Porcine Oocytes; Follicular fluid

Introduction

The biological and technological advances made during the past few decades gave rise to the development of four generations (1. Artificial insemination (AI) and gamete and embryo freezing; 2. Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET); 3. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) procedures; 4. Cloning and nuclear transfer) of assisted reproductive technologies. Apart from the historically documented scientific curiosity, the emergence and development of reproductive technologies have been driven by the potential economic gain achievable through increase in the number of offspring from genetically superior animal. Cryopreservation of germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes coupled with In Vitro maturation (IVM) and In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) plays an important role in the on spot fertility preservation and management of genetic resources, low-cost international movement of selected genotypes and rapid cloning procedures. Because of high fecundity of pigs, the need for extra offspring per breeding female is lesser than other domestic animals. However, considering the practical utility, research activity has been intensified in producing large quantities of matured pig oocytes and embryos, through IVM, IVF and In Vitro culture (IVC). There is a growing need for transferring genetic material of pig worldwide with minimal health risk and low cost. In fact, it has been argued that any improvement in the swine In Vitro embryo production (IVEP) system would revolutionize not only the reproductive management of swine, but also increase the use of pigs for biotechnological and biomedical applications involving the production of pharmaceutical products and as organ donor for xenotransplantation [1]. They are also used as a model for studies of human diseases because of their physiological similarities to human [2]. The developmental competence of In Vitro matured oocytes is influenced by various factors during IVM, such as maturation environment, type of medium and additives [3-5]. The quality of IVM oocytes influences the subsequent IVEP steps, like In Vitro fertilization, embryonic development, foetal development, etc. In comparison with other species, there are limited studies on IVEP in pig especially from vitrified follicular oocytes. This may be due to inefficient vitrification, oocytes maturation and fertilization techniques, poor development capacity of In Vitro produced embryos and suboptimal embryo culture condition [6]. In view of the above facts, the present study was undertaken to find out the effect of different types of IVM on cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation rate of non-vitrified and post vitrified-thawed porcine follicular oocytes.

Materials and Methods

Collection of oocytes

Porcine ovaries were collected from local abattoirs, immediately after slaughter of the animal and transported to the laboratory within 1 to 2 h in a flask containing Normal Saline Solution (NSS 0.9%) with antibiotic at environmental temperature (22˚C-28˚C). In the laboratory, extraneous tissues of the ovaries were removed with the help of a pair of scissors. The ovaries were then washed 3-4 times in NSS containing antibiotic. Follicles measuring 2-8 mm in diameter were selected for collection of oocytes by aspiration technique. A 10 ml disposable syringe attached to an 18 gauge needle was loaded with about 1 ml of basic solution(BS) that contained 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 5 mg % gentamicin prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.2.

Cumulus-oocyte-complex (COC) was aspirated along with follicular fluid and oocytes were picked using a sterile Pasteur pipette and transferred in 1 ml wash solution comprisingBS and 3.5% sodium pyruvate. The oocytes were washed 3-4 times and classified into four grades (grade A, B, C and D) based on their gross morphology as integrity of cumulus cells [7] and described in Table 1. Only ‘A’ and ‘B’ grade oocytes were selected for the study.

Grading Selection of oocytes
Grade A Oocytes surrounded by 3 or more complete layers of cumulus cells adhered to the zona pellucida and with homogenous nucleus
Grade B Oocytes surrounded by 2 complete layers of cumulus cells adhered to the zona pellucida and with homogenous nucleus
Grade C Oocytes surrounded by 1 complete layer of cumulus cells adhered to the zona pellucida
Grade D Oocytes having less than 1 complete layer of cumulus cells adhered to the zona pellucida and with pyknotic nucleus

Table 1: Grading and selection of oocytes [7].

Oocyte vitrification and thawing

For vitrification, the oocytes were first equilibrated in equilibration solution (10 minutes) and then exposed to final vitrification solution (30 seconds). Both the equilibration and vitrification procedures were performed at room temperature (24-25°C). The equilibration solution (ES) was prepared by adding cryoprotectants (ethylene glycol+ dimethylsulphoxide) 15% (v/v) and sucrose 0.25 M in basic solution. The vitrification solution was prepared by adding cryoprotectants (ethylene glycol+dimethyl sulphoxide) 35% (v/v) and Sucrose (0.5 M)+Polyvenylpyrrolidone (50 mg/ml). Immediately after exposure to vitrification solution, oocytes were loaded in pre labeled Open Pulled straws and plunged directly into liquid nitrogen (LN2) and finally stored in LN2 tank for one week [8]. After one week of storage oocytes were subjected to warming at 37°C and removal of cryoprotectant in a step wise manner from higher to lower dilution (oocytes were exposted for 1 min, 2 min and 2 min in 0.5 M, 0.25M and 0.125M sucrose in BS respectively) prior to incubation in IVM media.

In Vitro maturation (IVM)

The IVM media were prepared using tissue culture medium (TCM- 199) as a base medium along with additives. Three different IVM media were prepared using the chemical composition as described previously with slight modification [9-11]. The details of the three media are given in Table 2.

Ingredient Amount                  IVM I               IVM II   IVM III
Hormone rich Hormone free Hormone rich Hormone free  
TCM-199 Up to 100 ml + + + + +
FSH 5 mg/ml + - + - -
LH 5 mg/ml + - + - -
Oestradiol 1 ng/ml + - - - -
Hepes 25mM + + + + +
Sodium Pyruvate 0.22 mg/ml + + + + +
Gentamicin 200 ug/ml + + + + +
IGF 50 ng/mL + + + + +
EGF 10 ng/mL + + + + +
PFF [21,23]  10% V/V - - + + +
FBS 10% V/V - - - - +

Table 2: Preparation of IVM media.

The non-vitrified and vitrified-thawed immature oocytes were washed separately 2-3 times in IVM medium. In a 60 mm sterile disposable petridish IVM droplets were prepared by placing 50 μl of IVM medium in each droplet. The droplets were then covered with sterile tissue culture oil (mineral oil). Ten to fifteen oocytes were then transferred into each droplet. The dishes with oocytes were then placed into a CO2 incubator maintained at 38.5°C inner chamber temperature, 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity for 24 hours for maturation in hormone rich medium followed by incubation for another 24 hours in hormone-free IVM medium at the same condition.

Assessment of cumulus cells expansion

After the completion of 48 h of incubation, maturation of oocytes was assessed based on the cumulus cells expansion by examining COCs under stereo-zoom and phase contrast microscopes. The COCs that had tightly attached cells surrounding the oocyte with a smooth surface over the cumulus were defined as compact while COCs that had cumulus cells detached from the oocyte with matrix visible between cumulus cells were recorded as expanded. To ensure uniformity COCs with the maximum degree of expansion where all layers of cumulus cells expanded even those closest to the oocytes were only considered as expanded [12].

Assessment of nuclear maturation

For the assessment of nuclear maturation expanded COCs were denuded and stained after fixation. The expanded cumulus cells adhering to the zona pellucida were removed by washing the oocytes in 0.1% hyaluronidase droplet for less than 1 minute by gentle pipetting. Denuded oocytes were then fixed in acetic alcohol (acetic acid 1 part and ethyl alcohol 3 parts) and stained with 1% aceto-orcein stain as per the method described by Martin [13]. Oocytes showing extrusion of first polar body and metaphase II were considered as those undergoing complete nuclear maturation. The statistical analysis (Chi-square) of the data was done by using SAS 14.0.

Results

In the present study oocytes with cumulus cells expansion was found to be 87.7%, 93.5% and 95.1% in non-vitrified and 78.8%, 84.2% and 88.6% in vitrified groups for IVM-I, IVM-II and IVM-III media respectively Table 3. Chi-square test revealed that the rate of cumulus cells expansion of oocytes did not differ significantly between IVM media for both non-vitrified and vitrified oocytes. The rate of nuclear maturation of oocytes in IVM-I, IVM-II and IVM-III was found to be 60.3%, 75.9% and 82.6% in non-vitrified and 42.3%, 57.4% and 66.0% in vitrified groups respectively Figure 1. Chi-square test showed that the nuclear maturation rate of oocyte differed significantly between IVM media in both non-vitrified (P=0.001) and vitrified (P=0.002) groups and also between non-vitrified and vitrified groups irrespective of medium used (Table 4). The rate of nuclear maturation in both groups was significantly higher in IVM-II and IVM-III media than in IVM-I medium (Table 5).

IVM medium                       Non- vitrified                                 vitrified
No. of oocytes incubated No. of oocytes with expanded cumulus Rate of IVM (%) Chi-square value No. of oocytes incubated No. of oocytes with expanded cumulus Rate of IVM (%) Chi-square value
IVM-I 106 93 87.74 4.459 (P=0.108) 104 82 78.85 3.780 (P=0.151)
IVM-II 108 101 93.52 108 91 84.26
IVM-III 104 99 95.19 106 94 88.68

Table 3: Rate of In Vitro maturation (IVM) of non-vitrified and vitrified follicular oocytes in different IVM media based on cumulus expansion.

Figure

Figure 1: Variation in In Vitro maturation (IVM) rate (%) of non-vitrified and vitrified follicular oocytes in different IVM media based on nuclear maturation (*indicates significant P=0.001 difference).

IVM medium               Non- vitrified Vitrified Chi-square value between Non-vitrified and vitrified
  No. of oocytes incubated No. of oocytes with NM Rate of IVM (%) Chi-square value No. of oocytes incubated No. of oocytes with NM Rate of IVM (%) Chi-square value
IVM-I 106 64 60.38 13.980 (P=0.001) 104 44 42.31 12.242 (P=0.002) 6.862
(P=0.009)
IVM-II 108 82 75.93 108 62 57.41 8.533
(P=0.004)
IVM-III 104 86 82.69 106 70 66.04 7.623
(P=0.006)

Table 4: Rate of In Vitro maturation (IVM) of non-vitrified and vitrified follicular oocytes in different IVM media based on nuclear maturation (NM).

  Non-vitrified  Vitrified
  IVM-I IVM-II IVM-III IVM-I IVM-II IVM-III
No. of oocytes
incubated
106 108 104        104 108 106
No. of oocyte
with NM
64 82 86 44 62 70
Rate of IVM (%) 60.38 75.93 82.69 42.31 57.41 66.04
IVM-I    — 6.09
(P=0.0135)
13.44
(P=0.0002)
       — 4.83
(P=0.0279)
11.897
(P=0.0005)
IVM-II    —         — 1.83
(P=0.1754)
       —       — 1.977
(P=0.1596)

Table 5: Rate of In Vitro maturation (IVM) of non-vitrified and vitrified follicular oocyte in different IVM media based on nuclear maturation (NM) showing independent chisquare value.

Discussion

The results of the present study shows that inclusion of follicular fluid is useful for IVM in porcine oocytes and additional FSH and LH are not essential for the process. Further high IVM rates can be achieved in both vitrified and non-vitrified COCs with the use of follicular fluid but verification reduces IVM rates.

The oocyte maturation process involves the activation and inhibition of enzymes, hormones and growth factors which result in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. Nuclear maturation occurs spontaneously and mechanical removal of the oocytes from the follicle is capable of triggering the process, but cytoplasmic maturation occurs more gradually [14]. The identification of substances capable of delaying the nuclear maturation time and thus allowing cytoplasmic and nuclear changes to occur synchronously has been the subject of several studies [15-18]. The significantly higher IVM rate of vitrified oocytes based on nuclear maturation found in IVM II and IVM III as compared to IVM indicated superiority of the former two media in initiation and sustentation of the oocyte maturation process. This could be due to supplementation of IVM II and IVM III media with porcine follicular fluid (FF). Earlier studies documented that maturation medium supplemented with FF provided appropriate environment to bovine oocytes development since it increased the degree of cumulus cells expansion and enhanced embryonic development [19-21]. Follicular fluid consists of electrolytes, hormones, amino acids and growth factors among other components which could aid in cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation [19]. It was also reported that pig FF contained a substance that improved the rate of cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation, normal fertilization and normal development which was characterized as an acidic substance having a molecular mass between 10 and 200 KDa that improved the rate of cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation, normal fertilization and development [22,23].

The present findings gain support from the reports of earlier works in porcine, buffalo, bovine and mouse oocytes [24-31]. However, it is important to note that there are significantly lower IVM rate in vitrified oocytes irrespective of the medium used. This might be due to the fact that porcine oocytes are sensitive to cooling at low temperature. Upon cooling, porcine oocytes showed a reduction in membrane potential of the oolemma and various levels of membrane damage which was partly due to the high lipid content in porcine oocytes [32,33]. Cooling induced abnormalities at a chromosomal level, including disorganization of metaphase plates and multipolar spindles in oocytes [34]. Cooling to sub-zero temperature on vitrification might cause abnormal microtubule and micro filament polymerization and thus might prohibit subsequent spindle reorganization and hence disturbed nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of the germinal vesicle. A reduction in the content of transcripts was demonstrated in vitrified ovine oocytes [35,36]. The block in development of vitrified oocytes might be due to aberrant biochemical processes within oocytes after cryopreservation such as disruption of cytoplasmic protein synthesis critical to the progression from metaphase I to metaphase II [36]. The impaired biochemical process could negatively influence the cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes [37]. Farsani observed that damage to connection between oocytes and cumulus cells after exposure to cryopreservation had adverse effect on IVM after thawing of oocytes [37]. However irrespective of these effects it was found that highest (66.04%) nuclear maturation rate was recorded in vitrified-thawed porcine oocytes in IVM III. This was found to be higher than that reported by earlier works [9,10,26]. Thus we recommend use of IVM III to achieve best maturation rates if vitrified oocytes are to be used. However for non-vitrified oocytes, IVM II or III have best maturation rates.

Gonadotropins, produced by the pituitary are considered to be a major requirement for maintaining follicle integrity and growth and genetic alterations in FSH receptor in humans affect folliculogenesis [38-40]. Indeed, several studies have shown beneficial effects of FSH/ LH supplementation on COC maturation and embryo development [41-45]. Recently it has been demonstrated that FSH affects COCs expansion by altering expression of its receptors and connexin and COX-2 [44]. Considering this importance of FSH, we determined if inclusion of FSH and LH would aid in IVM of porcine oocytes. However, to our surprise, we observed that addition of both the gonadotropins had no effect on cumulus expansion or nuclear maturation in the presence of FF. It is possible that FF might itself have sufficient gonadotropins and hence additional amounts would not have any biological effects. Although, we have not studied the effects of IVM media used in the present study on embryo quality, our observations have critical significance on development of cost-effective IVM media. We believe that by simply supplementing self FF in IVM, we can exclude the use of expensive recombinant gonadotropins and reduce the cost without compromising the quality.

In summary, addition of porcine follicular fluid with or without supplementation of hormones to the IVM media has higher cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation rate for both vitrified and non-vitrified porcine follicular oocytes. However, in general the rates of cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation of oocytes are lower after vitrifications as compared to non-vitrified groups, but better maturation rates can be achieved by use of follicular fluid in absence of FSH and LH. We believe that our study will aid in improving assisted reproductive techniques in the porcine species. The work will also have significance in improving IVM conditions for other species including humans.

References

  1. Wheeler MB, Clark SG, Beebe DJ. Developments in vitro technologies for swine embryo production. Repro Fer Develop. 2004; 16(1-2):15-25.
  2. Vodika P, Smetana K, Dvoránková B, Emerick T, Xu YZ, Ourednik J, et al. The Miniature Pig as an Animal Model in Biomedical Research. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1049:161-171.
  3. Gil MA, Cuello C, Parrilla I, Vazquez JM, Roca J, Martinez EA. Advances in swine in vitro embryo production technologies. Repro Dom Anim. 2010; 45(s2):40-48.
  4. Kikuchi K, Onishi A, Kashiwazaki N, Iwamoto M, Noguchi J, Kaneko H, et al. Successful production after transfer of blastocysts produced by a modified in vitro system. Bio Reprod. 2002; 66(4):1033-1041.
  5. Park KE, Kwon IK, Han MS, Niwa K. Effects of partial removal of cytoplasmic lipid on survival of vitrified germinal vesicle stage pig oocytes. J Repro Dev. 2005; 51(1):151-160.
  6. Nagai T, Funahashi H, Yoshioka K, Kikuchi K. Update of In vitro production of porcine embryos. Front Biosci. 2006; 11:2565-2573.
  7. Jackowska M, Kampisty B, Antosik P, Bukowska D, Budna J, Lianeri M, et al. The morphology of porcine oocytes associated with zona pellucida glycoprotein transcript contents. Repro Bio. 2009; 9(1):79-85.
  8. Shi WQ, Zhu SE, Zhang D, Wang WH, Tang GL, Hou YP, et al. Improved development by Taxol pretreatment after vitrification of in vitro matured porcine oocytes. Repro 2006; 131(4):795-804.
  9. Yadav RC, Sharma A, Garg N, Purahit GN. Survival of vitrified water buffalo cumulus oocytes complexes and their subsequent development in vitro. Bulgarian J Vet Medep. 2008; 11(1): 55-64.
  10. Gupta MK, Uhm SJ, Lee HT. Cryopreservation of immature and in vitro matured porcine oocytes by solid surface vitrification. Theriogenology. 2007; 67(2):238-248.
  11. Mahanta N, Bhuyan D, Kumar S, Biswas RK, Dutta DJ, Deka BC, et al. Effect of growth factor and antioxidant on in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes. Assam Agri Uni Khanapara Guwahati. 2018; 52:353-357.
  12. Lorenzo IPL, Illera M J, Illera JC, Illera M. Enhancement of cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation during bovine oocyte maturation in vitro by the addition of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor. J Reprod Fertil.1994;101(3):697-701.
  13. Martin MJ. Development of in-vivo matured porcine oocytes following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. Biol Reprod. 2000; 63(1):109-112.
  14. Brevini T, Cillo F, Antonini S, Gandolfi F. Cytoplasmic remodelling and the acquisition of developmental competence in pig oocytes. Anim Reprod Sci. 2007; 98(1-2):23-28.
  15. Albuz FK, Sasseville M, Lane M, Armstrong DT, Thompson JG, Gilchrist RB. Simulated physiological oocyte maturation (SPOM): A novel in vitro maturation system that substantially improves embryo yield and pregnancy outcomes. Hum Reprod. 2010; 25(12):2999-3011.
  16. Hussein TS, Thompson JG, Gilchrist RB. Oocyte-secreted factors enhance oocyte developmental competence. Devel Biol. 2006; 296(2): 414-521.
  17. Liu L, Trimarchi JR, Navarro P, Blasco MA, Keefi DL. Oxidative stress contributes to arsenic-induced telomere sttrition, chromosome instability and apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278(34):31998-32004.
  18. Sirard MA, Desrosier S, Assidi M. In vivo and In Vitro effects of FSH on oocyte maturation and developmental competence. Theriogenology. 2007; 68:S71-S76.
  19. Aguilar J, Woods G, Miragaya M, Olsen L, Vanderwall D. Effect of homologous preovulatory follicular fluid on in vitro maturation of equine cumulus-oocytes complexes. Theriogenology. 2001; 56(5):745-758.
  20. Romero-Arredondo A, Seidel G. Effect of follicular fluid during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes on in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development. Biol Reprod.1996; 55(5):1012-1016.
  21. Algriany O, Bekers M, Schoevers E, Colenbraner B, Dielemon S. Follicle size dependent effects of sow follicular fluid on in vitro cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation and blastocyst formation of sow cumulus oocytes complexes. Theriogenology. 2004; 62(8):1483-1497.
  22. Reed ML, Estrada JL, Illera MJ, Petters RM. Effects of epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I and dialyzed porcine follicular fluid on porcine oocyte maturation in vitro. J Exp Zool. 1993; 266(1):74-78.
  23. Yoshida M, Ishizaki Y, Kawagishi H, Bamba K, Kozima Y. Effects of pig follicular fluid on maturation of pig oocytes in vitro and on their subsequent fertilizing and developmental capacity in vitro. J Reprod Fertil. 1992; 95(2):481-488.
  24. Fernández-Reyez F, Ducolomb Y, Romo S, Casas E, Salazar Z, Betancourt M. Viability, maturation and embryo development in vitro of immature porcine and ovine oocytes vitrified in different devices. Cryobiology. 2012; 64(3):261-266.
  25. SomfaiT, Kikuchi K, Kaneko H, Naguchi J, Yoshika K. Cryopreservation of female germplasm in pigs. Reprod Fertil. 2013; 68:47-60.
  26. Taniguchi M, Agung B, Morita Y, Sato Y, Otoi T. Meiotic competence and DNA damage of porcine immature oocytes following cryoprotectant exposure and vitrification. Asian J Anim Vet Adv. 2013; 8(4):670- 676.
  27. Shahat KH, Hammam AM. Effect of different types of cryoprotectants on developmental capacity of vitrified-thawed immature buffalo oocytes. Anim Reprod. 2014; 11(4):543-548.
  28. Dolakasaria D, Dutta DJ, Dev H, Raj H. Developmental competence of post-thaw vitrified bovine oocytes. Int J Adv Res. 2013; 1(9):825-830.
  29. Dutta DJ, Dev H, Raj H. In vitro blastocyst development of post-thaw vitrified bovine oocytes. Vet World 2013; 6:730-733.
  30. Mahmoudi R, Rajaei F, KashaniIR, Abbasi M, Amidi F, Sobhani A, et al. (2012) The rate of blastocysts production following vitrification with step-wise equilibration of immature mouse oocytes. Iran J Reprod Med. 2012; 10(5):453-458.
  31. Arav A, Zeron Y, Leslie SB, Behboodi E, Anderson GB, Crowe JH. Phasetransition temperature and chilling sensitivity of bovine oocytes. Cryobiology. 1996; 33(6):589-599.
  32. Nagashima H, Kuwayama M, Grupen CG, Ashman RJ, Nottle MB. Vitrification of porcine early cleavage stage embryos and oocytes after removal of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Theriogenology. 1996; 45(1):180.
  33. Suzuki T, Boediono A, Takagi M, Saha S, Sumantri C. Fertilization and development of Frozen-thawed germinal vesicle bovine oocytes by a one-step dilution method in vitro. Cryobiology. 1996; 33(5):515-524.
  34. Rojas C, Palomo MJ, Albarracn JL, Magas T. Vitrification of immature and in vitro matured pig oocytes: Study of distribution of chromosomes, microtubules, and actin microfilaments. Cryobiology. 2004; 49(3): 211-220.
  35. Wu G, Jia B, Mo X, Liu C, Fu X, Zhu S, et al. Nuclear maturation and embryo development of porcine oocytes vitrified by cryotop: effect of different stages of in vitro maturation. Cryobiology. 2013; 67:95-101.
  36. Farsani SK, Mahmoudi R, Abdolvahhabi MA, Abbasi M, Malek F, et al. Comparing the viability and in vitro maturation of cumulus germinal vesicle break down (GVBD) oocytes complexes using two vitrification techniques in mice. Iran J Repro Med. 2007; 5(4):165-170.
  37. Achrekar SK, Modi DN, Meherji PK, Patel ZM, Mahale SD. Follicle stimulating hormone receptor gene variants in women with primary and secondary amenorrhea. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2010; 27(6):317-326.
  38. Tang H, Yan Y, Wang T, Zhang T, Shi W, Fan R, et al. Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor Asn 680 Ser polymorphism on the outcomes of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: An updated meta-analysis of 16 cohort studies. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2015; 32(12):1801-1810.
  39. Eppig JJ. Gonadotropin stimulation of the expansion of cumulus oophori isolated from mice: general conditions for expansion in vitro. J Exp Zool.1979; 208(1):111-120.
  40. Junk SM, Dharmarajan A, Yovich JL. FSH priming improves oocyte maturation, but priming with FSH or hCG has no effect on subsequent embryonic development in an in vitro maturation program. Theriogenology. 2003; 59(8):1741-1749.
  41. Singh B, Barbe GJ, Armstrong DT. Factors influencing resumption of meiotic maturation and cumulus expansion of porcine oocyte-cumulus cell complexes in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev.1993; 36(1):113-119.
  42. Zuelke KA, Brackett BG. Luteinizing hormone-enhanced in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes with and without protein supplementation. Biol Reprod. 1990; 43(5):784-787.
  43. Dell’Aquila ME, Caillaud M, Maritato F, Martoriati A, Gérard N, Aiudi G, et al. Cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation and connexin 43, cyclooxygenase-2 and FSH receptor mRNA expression in equine cumulus-oocyte complexes cultured in vitro in the presence of FSH and precursors for hyaluronic acid synthesis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004; 2: 44.
  44. Lee HS, Seo YI, Yin XJ, Cho SG, Lee SS, Kim NH, et al. Effect of follicle stimulation hormone and luteinizing hormone on cumulus cell expansion and in vitro nuclear maturation of canine oocytes. Reprod Domest Anim. 2007; 42:561-565.

Author Info

Krishna Kalita1, Deka BC2, Biswas RK2, Barua PM2, Borah P3, Dutta DJ4 and Das SK5
 
1College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22, Assam, India
2Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22, Assam, India
3Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22, Assam, India
4Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-22, Assam, India
5CMD, Swagat Hospital & Research Center, Bongaigaon, Assam, India
 

Citation:

Kalita K, Deka BC, Biswas RK, Barua PM, Borah P, Dutta DJ et al. (2019) Effect of Different Types of In Vitro Maturation Medium (IVM) on Cumulus Cell Expansion and Nuclear Maturation Rate of Non-vitrified and Post Vitrified-Thawed Porcine Follicular Oocytes. J Fertil In Vitro IVF Worldw Reprod Med Genet Stem Cell Biol 6: 211.

Received: 30-Nov-2018 Accepted: 26-Dec-2018 Published: 03-Jan-2019

Copyright:

© 2019 Kalita K, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Top add_chatinline();