Applied Microbiology: Open Access
Open Access

Classification of Microbial Surface Colonization

Vanessa Oliveira^{* *}Correspondence: Vanessa Oliveira, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Portugal, Email:

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Description

Microorganisms colonize biotic and abiotic surfaces in marine waters quickly. These organisms benefit from surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and growth, which support essential ecological and biogeochemical activities in the changing marine environment. Bio fouling, bio corrosion, and the survival and transfer of dangerous or pathogenic bacteria and their genetic markers are all detrimental impacts of microbial surface interaction. For decades, scientists have examined the processes and causes of colonization, as well as important participants in the surface-associated micro biota. Specific cell-surface, cell-cell, and interpolation interactions impact the composition, structure, spatiotemporal dynamics, and roles of surface-associated microbial communities, according to growing evidence.

Several key microbial processes and mechanisms have been identified as critical for the microbial surface association lifestyle, including (i) surface, population, and community sensing and signaling, (ii) interspecies and interspecies communication. This study summarizes and discusses recent advances in the research of marine microbial surface colonization and biofilm growth. We still have a lot of information gaps. We pose questions for targeted investigation of surface-specific community-level microbial features, with answers advancing our understanding of surface-associated microbial community ecology and biogeochemical functions of these communities at levels ranging from molecular mechanistic details to systems biological integration. In maritime habitats, there are many different types of surfaces with different physicochemical and biological features.

Living animal and algal surfaces, various types of particles and aggregates, inert or bio reactive mineral substrata, as well as submerged structures and vessel surfaces are all examples of these surfaces. Diverse aquatic bacteria may colonize a variety of surfaces, forming biofilms and specialized processes inside them. Surface association appears to be an old, global, and essential survival strategy that offers microorganisms with important benefits such as increased access to nutritional resources, improved organism interactions, and more environmental stability. These characteristics are especially important in natural aquatic habitats, where nutrients are frequently a growth constraint and the environment is very dynamic and occasionally harmful.

Microbial activity changes (typically stimulation) by surfaces were initially documented in soil habitats more than a century ago, and a similar surface-associated stimulation of microbial activities was later discovered to be ubiquitous in marine environments as well. The discovery of key genetic and Eco physiological processes and mechanisms that are critical to the survival of marine bacteria on surfaces has been made. There are some recent reviews on marine biofilm or particle-associated bacteria. Although informative, these evaluations mostly focus on specific microbial taxa, activities, roles, or colonizable substrata. There are currently no systematic investigations on the surface-associated micro-biota in the marine environment, specifically the processes that influence the creation and growth of surface-colonizing microbial communities.

Bacteria are the most diverse and important (in terms of composition, dynamics, and function) microorganisms on marine surfaces, and early colonizers can influence the structure, dynamics, and function of mature biofilm communities, so this topic focuses on Bacteria and their processes and mechanisms related to early surface colonization, biofilm formation, and biofilm functions. Microorganisms quickly colonies surfaces immersed in sea water. As previously stated, surface colonization and subsequent biofilm development give significant benefits to these organisms. Access to resources is perhaps the most important of these advantages in the context of the maritime environment.

Biogenic particles such as phytoplankton detritus, zooplankton fecal pellets, and marine snow are generally rich in organic matter, resulting in increased availability of inorganic macronutrients, organic carbon and energy sources, micronutrients, and electron donors or acceptors in otherwise nutrient-limited environments. As detailed in further detail below, surfaces have been demonstrated to represent "hot spots" of microbially catalysed, bio-geochemically significant processes. Predators, viruses, antibiotics, and other chemical poisons, as well as adverse environmental stresses, are all protected by surface colonization and the development of the shielding biofilm matrix, antiprotozoal factors, and stress response products.

The unique microenvironments inside the biofilm matrix promotes the maintenance of extracellular enzyme structural integrity and activity, as well as better chances for bacterial physiological homeostasis.