Journal of Clinical and Cellular Immunology
Open Access

Association Study of PTPN22 (rs2476601) and PADI4 (rs2240340) Polymorphisms with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Algerian Population

Author info »

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease, characterized by chronic synovial inflammation which leads to joint destruction and disability.

A genetic predisposition toward RA has been strongly supported by evidence from twin and sibling studies. Among siblings, the prevalence is 4%. In monozygotic twins, the concordance rate for RA is between 12.3% and 15.4% compared with 3.5% for dizygotic twins [1]. The sibling and twin pair studies demonstrate that genetic factors substantially affect RA susceptibility, resulting in an estimated genetic contribution to RA of approximately 50% to 60% [2,3]. The first genetic risk factor for RA consists of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules. There is extensive evidence showing that certain frequently occurring HLA-DRB1 alleles are associated with susceptibility to RA. The indicated alleles share a conserved amino acid sequence also called the shared epitope (SE) – at position 70 to 74 in the third hypervariable region of the DRβ1 chain [4,5].

The second genetic risk factor for RA after HLA-DRB1 concerns the C1858T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene encoding for the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22 (PTPN22). An association between PTPN22 and autoimmunity has presently been demonstrated in several cohorts [6,7]. Moreover, some studies have observed that the PTPN22 T allele confers risk to ACPA-positivity in RA patients [8]. The PTPN22 gene encodes a lymphoid-specific phosphatase (Lyp) which is an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase and an important negative regulator of the TCR signals in lymphocytes activation [9]. The (C1858T, rs2476601) SNP converts an arginine (R) to a tryptophan (W) at position 620 in the PTPN22 protein. It has been suggested that this SNP determines a gain of function of LYP, leading to a stronger suppression of early T cell activation process [10]; unlike other studies in which R620W SNP induced a loss of function of the LYP phosphatase [11].

Another important genetic variant, PADI4 gene, which is a member of PADI family coding for enzymes involved in the post translational conversion of arginine within peptides to citrulline, calcium ion binding and hydrolase activity [12]. A strongest association was observed for a SNP (rs2240340) located in intron 3 of PADI4_94 gene and RA susceptibility and anticitrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) positivity [13]. The association of this variant with RA susceptibility was observed in different Asian populations [14,15]. However, controversial results were obtained in European Caucasians populations [16-18].

The purpose of this case-control study was to investigate whether PTPN22 (rs2476601) and PADI4 (rs2240340) genes polymorphisms are involved in the genetic predisposition to RA and to assess their influence on clinical and immunological features of disease in Algerian RA patients.

Materials and Methods

Study population

A total of 300 RA patients (256 women, 44 men) were recruited from the rheumatology department of two centers: Ben Aknoun and Beni Messous teaching hospitals in Algiers, Algeria. All patients met at least four of the seven criteria for the diagnostic classification of RA established by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR 1987). Disease activity was evaluated with disease activity score for 28 joints (DAS28) and functional disability was assessed by the health assessment questionnaire (HAQ). Inflammatory activity was evaluated using erythrocyte sedimentation ration (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Clinical and biological characteristics of patients are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Characteristic of patients with RA.

The control group consisted of 306 matched healthy subjects (sex ratio M/W: 1/4; Mean age 33 ±10 years) with no individual or familial history of autoimmune diseases. Their ages ranged from 19 to 50 years. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and healthy subjects; the study was performed according to the principles laid out in the declaration of Helsinki.

Immunological analysis

The ACPA are measured using the third generation of ACPAIgG ELISA kits (INOVA Diagnostics, San Diego USA) and titers 20 IU/ml were considered as ACPA positive. The measurement of RF (IgM) was performed using a standard immunonephlometry (BN ProSpec, Siemens) with a cutoff of 15 IU/ml according to manufacturer protocol.

PTPN22 and PADI4 SNPs analysis

Genomic DNA was extracted from the collected whole blood of RA patients and healthy subjects, using the standard salting out extraction method. All DNA was stored at -20°C until tested. The samples were genotyped for the PTPN22 rs2476601, and PADI4 rs2240340 variants (Assay ID: C 16021387_20 and C 609363_20 respectively), by Real-time polymerase chain reation (RT-PCR) using TaqMan technology according to the manufacturer's instructions (Applied Biosystems 7500, Foster City, CA).

Statistical analysis

Comparison of genotypes distribution and alleles frequencies between RA patients and healthy controls was evaluated by the Chi-square (χ2) test, using an odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Correlation of the associated SNP with autoantibody status among RA cases was performed with χ2 test. Case and control genotypes frequencies did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The comparison of the clinical and laboratory parameters with the different genotypes was performed using t-test and χ2 test with Yate's correction when necessary. All statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism 5 software. A p value lower than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

The genotypes and alleles distributions of PTPN22 and PADI4 polymorphisms are illustrated in Table 2. The genotype and allele frequencies of the PTPN22 polymorphism were 93% (CC), 6% (CT), 1% (TT), 96% (allele C) and 4% (allele T) in RA patients, and 90% (CC), 9% (CT), 1% (TT), 97% (allele C) and 3% (allele T) in controls. Concerning PADI4 variant, the genotype distribution in patients and healthy subjects was 23% vs. 18% for CC, 45% vs. 52% for CT and 32% vs. 28% for TT. For PADI4 allele distribution, the C allele frequency was 46% in RA patients and 45% in controls. The T allele was present in 54% and 55% of RA and healthy controls respectively. Overall, we did not observe any significant difference in alleles and genotypes frequencies of PTPN22 and PADI4 variants between RA patients and healthy controls (p>0.05).

Table 2: Distribution of PTPN22 and PADI4 alleles/genotypes in RA patients and controls.

Next, we stratified our patients according to the ACPA and RF status (Table 3). Compared to the control group, we did not found any significant difference in genotypes and alleles frequencies of PTPN22 and PADI4 in all subgroups (RF positive and negative, ACPA positive and negative). Also, no significant association was observed between ACPA positive (+) and ACPA negative (-) subgroups for either PTPN22 or PADI4 variants (Table 3). However, the RF positive (+) subgroup had a significantly higher frequency of the minor T allele of PTPN22 when compared to the RF negative (-) group (5% vs. 0.6%; p=0.013; OR=8.53; 95% CI 1.34-354.9) (Table 3). Furthermore, a higher frequency of the CT genotype of PTPN22 SNP was observed in patients with RF (+) as compared with RF (-) patients (8.8% vs. 1.2%; p=0.018; OR=8.01; 95% CI 1.22-336.5). On the contrary, the homozygote genotype CC frequency of this SNP was increased in RF (-) patient group as compared with RF (+) patient group (98.8% vs. 90.7%; p=0.014; OR=0.12, 95% CI 0.00-0.76). Moreover, we explore the possible association of these SNPs with the clinical features of RA (Table 4). Our finding did not demonstrate any significant correlation of the genotypes of PTPN22 and PADI4 with all laboratory (CRP, ESR, ACPA and FR titers) or clinical parameters (disease duration, DAS28 and HAQ scores) of RA patients (p<0.05). In addition, no specific association of these variants to gender was observed in our study (data not shown).

Table 3: Association of PTPN22 and PADI4 variants with RA patients depending on autoantibodies status.

Table 4: The disease activity and laboratory parameters in relation to PTPN22 and PADI4 genotypes.

Discussion

In addition to HLA-DRB1 alleles, several association studies have confirmed the role of other non-HLA genes in susceptibility to RA. Among the confirmed non-HLA loci contributing to RA risk, probably the most relevant associations have been found with PTPN22 and PADI4 genes [19-22].

The PTPN22 gene is the second strongest genetic association with RA, right after HLA-DRB1. The C1858T has been linked to some autoimmune diseases such as type I diabetes, systemic lupus erythematous, Grave's thyroiditis and myasthenia gravis [23-25]. Studies conducted on the functional consequences of this SNP showed conflicting results. It has been suggested that C1858T may lead to a gain of function of Lyp that influences both T cells and B cells activation and probably lead to autoimmunity by compromising tolerance induction [26]. Other studies have demonstrated a loss of function of PTPN22 gene product in T cells witch can cooperate with hyper responsive B cells to provoke autoantibody production [11,27].

This study was aimed to assess the possible association of PTPN22 (rs2476601) and PADI4 (rs2240340) genes polymorphisms and RA susceptibility in a cohort of Algerian patients. No association between these polymorphisms and RA susceptibility was found when comparing genotype and allelic frequencies between RA patients and healthy controls (Table 2). Similar to our results, no association of C1858T SNP has been reported in some southern European populations [28,29], in Spain [28] in Turkish [30] and Iranian [31] populations. However, a significant association of this polymorphism and RA susceptibility was found in several northern European [32-35] and American populations [36]. Also, a recent meta-analysis realized by Nabi et al., has observed that PTPN22 1858C/T polymorphism confers a genetic risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis in Caucasian but not in Asian populations [37]. Contrary to our result, the study conducted by Fodil et al., demonstrated a significant association between PTPN22 (rs2476601) polymorphism and the susceptibility to RA in the Western Algerian population (OR=9.83, (95% CI (4.28-22.56), p=3.32 × 10-11) [38]. Also, this variant showed association with RA ACPA positive and negative phenotype in Egyptians [39]. In Tunisia, the two existing studies regarding this polymorphism show conflicting results [40,41].

A meta-analysis conducted by Totaro et al., have suggested that a North-South gradient seems exist in the distribution of the T1858 allele in both RA patients and controls in Europe and in the Mediterranean area [42]. Indeed, the frequency of the minor T allele appears to be higher in populations of northern Europe (Sweden, Finland, Poland, Great Britain and Germany) as compared to populations from southern Europe and the Mediterranean area (France, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Tunisia) [42]. Our study showed that the frequencies of the minor T allele were 4% in RA patients and 3% in controls. This finding suggests that the frequency of the 1858T variant in our population follow the geographical distribution already described. The association of PADI4_94 SNP to RA development was confirmed in different Asian cohorts [13-15]. This genetic effect was much weaker in Caucasian populations. In this study, the PADI4_94 polymorphism is not associated with the RA susceptibility (Table 2). Our result is similar to previous British and French studies, and others European cohorts [43,44,14], in Tunisian [45] and Egyptian populations [39].

A recent meta-analysis showed that the risque allele of the PADI4_94 polymorphism is not associated with RA susceptibility in Caucasian population; but, using homozygote contrast, this association was revealed [46]. The most likely explanations for this discordance appear to be the genetic heterogeneity of populations. The stratification of our analysis by the RF status of the RA group demonstrated a significant association between the PTPN22 T allele and (+) RF group. Similarly, several studies have suggested that the variant 620W would be associated with RF (+) in RA patients [46-49]. Interestingly, all autoimmune diseases reported an association with the PTPN22 1858T allele are characterized autoantibodies production [50,51]. These findings support the hypothesis that the PTPN22 1858T variant could be involved in both T-cell activity regulation and B-cell auto reactivity.

In our study, the size of patients and controls cohorts could affect the power of genetic association. The replication of this study on a larger cohort is necessary to confirm these results.

The current study has some potential limitations which could contribute to the false positive or negative results. The size of RA patients and controls cohorts could affect the power of genetic association. The replication of this study on a larger cohort is necessary to confirm these results. Also, the lack of association of the studied SNPs does not exclude the implication of the gene in question in the development of RA in our population; more variants of PTPN22 and PADI4 genes should be studied to clarify their association with susceptibility to RA.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the present study revealed that the PTPN22 (rs2476601) and PADI4 (rs2240340) polymorphisms were not a risk factor for RA patients from Algeria. However, we observed that the PTPN22 T allele may be associated with RF positivity. Further studies on larger cohorts are necessary to confirm our findings in the Maghreb African populations.

Transparency

Acknowledgment

We thank the staff of immunology department of Beni Messous Teaching hospital and the staff of rheumatology department of Ben Aknoun Specialized center. We are grateful to all patients and controls for providing their blood samples to conduct this study.

References

1. MacGregor AJ, Snieder H, Rigby AS, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Aho K, et al. Characterizing the quantitative genetic contribution to rheumatoid arthritis using data from twins. Arthritis Rheum. 2000; 43:30–37.
2. Seldin MF, Amos CI, Ward R, Gregersen PK. The genetics revolution and the assault on rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999; 42:1071–1079.
3. van der Woude D, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Toes RE, Huizinga TW, Thomson W, Worthington J, et al. Quantitative heritability of anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive and anti-citrullinated protein antibody-negative rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 60:916–923.
4. Bowes J, Barton A. Recent advances in the genetics of RA susceptibility. Rheumatology. 2008; 47:399–402.
5. Deighton CM, Walker DJ, Griffiths ID, Roberts DF. The contribution of HLA to rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Genet. 1989; 36:178-182.
6. Van Oene M, Wintle RF, Liu X, Yazdanpanah M, Gu X, Newman B, et al. Association of the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase R620W variant with rheumatoid arthritis, but not Crohn’s disease, in Canadian populations. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52:1993-1998.
7. Gomez LM, Anaya JM, Gonzalez CI, Pineda-Tamayo R, Otero W, Arango A, et al. PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism in Colombian patients with autoimmune diseases. Genes Immun. 2005; 6:628-631.
8. Wesoly J, van der Helm-van Mil AH, Toes RE, Chokkalingam AP, Carlton VE, Begovich AB, et al. Association of the PTPN22 C1858T single-nucleotide polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis phenotypes in an inception cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52:2948-2950.
9. Cohen S, Dadi H, Shaoul E, Sharfe N, Roifman CM. Cloning and characterization of a lymphoid-specific, inducible human protein tyrosine phosphatase. Lyp Blood. 1999; 93:2013–2024.
10. Vang T1, Congia M, Macis MD, Musumeci L, Orrú V, Zavattari P, et al. Autoimmune-associated lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase is a gain-of function variant. Nat Genet. 2005; 37:1317-1319.
11. Zikherman J, Hermiston M, Steiner D, Hasegawa K, Chan A, Weiss A, et al. PTPN22 deficiency cooperates with the CD45 E613R allele to break tolerance on a non-autoimmune background. J Immunol. 2009; 182: 4093-4106.
12. Chavanas S, Méchin MC, Takahara H, Kawada A, Nachat R, Serre G, et al. Comparative analysis of the mouse and human peptidylarginine deiminase gene clusters reveals highly conserved non-coding segments and a new human gene, PADI6. Gene. 2004; 330:19-27.
13. Ikari K, Kuwahara M, Nakamura T, Momohara S, Hara M, Yamanaka H, et al. Association between PADI4 and rheumatoid arthritis: A replication study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: 3054-3057.
14. Too CL, Murad S, Dhaliwal JS, Larsson P, Jiang X, Ding B, et al. Polymorphisms in peptidylarginine deiminase associate with rheumatoid arthritis in diverse asian populations: Evidence from myeira study and meta-analysis. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2012; 14:R250.
15. Du Y, Liu X, Guo JP, Liu X, Li R, Zhao Y, et al. Association between PADI4 gene polymorphisms and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive rheumatoid arthritis in a large chinese han cohort. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014; 32:377-82.
16. Burr ML, Naseem H, Hinks A, Eyre S, Gibbons LJ, Bowes J, et al. PADI4 genotype is not associated with rheumatoid arthritis in a large UK Caucasian population. Ann Rheumatic Dis. 2010; 69:666-670.
17. Barton A, Bowes J, Eyre S, Spreckley K, Hinks A, John S, et al. A Functional haplotype of the PADI4 gene associated with rheumatoid arthritis in a Japanese population is not associated in a United Kingdom population. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004; 50:1117-1121.
18. Eyre S, Bowes J, Diogo D, Lee A, Barton A, Martin P, et al. High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet. 2012; 44:1336-1340.
19. Van der Helm-van Mil AH, Wesoly JZ, Huizinga TW. Understanding the genetic contribution to rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005; 17:299–304.
20.  Bax M, van Heemst J, Huizinga TW, Toes RE. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned? Immunogenetics. 2011; 63:459-466.
21. Cha S, Choi CB, Han TU, Kang CP, Kang C. Association of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody levels with PADI4 haplotypes in early rheumatoid arthritis and with shared epitope alleles in very late rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56:1454-1463.
22. Kurkó J, Besenyei T, Laki J, Glant TT, Mikecz K, Szekanecz Z, et al. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013; 45:170-179.
23. Burn GL, Svensson L, Sanchez-Blanco C, Saini M, Cope AP . Why is PTPN22 a good candidate susceptibility gene for autoimmune disease? FEBS Lett. 2011; 585:3689–3698.
24. Vang, T, Miletic AV, Bottini N, Mustelin T. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 in human autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2007; 40: 453-461.
25. Veillette A, Rhee I, Souza CM, Davidson D. PEST family phosphatases in immunity, autoimmunity, and autoinflammatory disorders. Immunol Rev. 2009 228:312-324.
26. Rhee I, Veillette A. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2012; 13:439-447.
27. Rieck M, Arechiga A, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Greenbaum C. Genetic Variation in PTPN22 corresponds to altered function of T and B lymphocytes. J Immunol. 2007; 179:4704-4710.
28. Orozco G, Pascual-Salcedo D, Lopez-Nevot MA, Cobo T, Cabezón A. Auto-antibodies, HLA and PTPN22: Susceptibility markers for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2008; 47:138–141.
29. Plant D, Flynn E, Mbarek H, Dieudé P, Cornelis F, Arlestig L, et al. Investigation of potential non-HLA rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility loci in a European cohort increases the evidence for nine markers. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69:1548-1553.
30. Sahin N, Gunduz F, Inanc N, Direskeneli H, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. No association of PTPN22 gene polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis in Turkey. Rheumatol Int. 2009; 30:81-83.
31. Ahmadloo S, Taghizadeh M, Akhiani M, Salimzadeh A, Keramatipour M. Single nucleotide polymorphism rs 2476601 of PTPN22 gene and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Iranian Population. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015; 14:437-442.
32. Orozco G, Sánchez E, González-Gay MA, López-Nevot MA, Torres B, Cáliz R, et al. Association of a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism of PTPN22, encoding lymphoid protein phosphatase, with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005; 52:219-224.
33. Plenge RM, Padyukov L, Remmers EF, Purcell S, Lee AT, et al.Replication of putative candidate-gene associations with rheumatoid arthritis in >4,000 samples from north America and Sweden: Association of susceptibility with PTPN22, CTLA4, and PADI4. Am Jour Human Gen. 2005; 77:1044-1060.
34. Harrison P, Pointon JJ, Farrar C, Brown MA, Wordsworth BP. Effects of PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism on susceptibility and clinical characteristics of british caucasian rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatology. 2006; 45:1009-1011.
35. Salliot C, Dawidowicz K, Lukas C, Guedj M, Paccard C, Benessiano J, et al. PTPN22 R620W genotype-phenotype correlation analysis and gene-environment interaction study in early rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the ESPOIR cohort. Rheumatology. 2011; 50:1802-1808.
36. Torres-Carrillo NM, Ruiz-Noa Y, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Leyva-Torres SD, Torres-Carrillo N, Palafox-Sánchez CA, et al. The +1858C/T PTPN22 gene polymorphism confers genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in mexican population from the Western Mexico. Immunology Letters. 2012; 147:41-46.
37. Nabi G, Akhter N, Wahid M, Bhatia K, Mandal RK, Dar SA, et al. Meta-analysis reveals PTPN22 1858C/T polymorphism confers susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Caucasian but not in Asian population. Autoimmunity. 2016; 49:197-210.
38. Fodil M, Benzaoui A, Zemani-Fodil F, Aberkane M, Boughrara W, Saidi-Mehtar N, et al. Association of PTPN22 (rs2476601) and STAT4 (rs7574865) polymorphisms with rheumatoid arthritis in the Western Algerian population. Acta Reumatol Port. 2015; 40:56-62.
39. Hegab MM, Abdelwahab AF, El-Sayed Yousef AM, Salem MN, El-Baz W, Abdelrhman S, et al. CD28 and PTPN22 are associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Egyptians. Hum Immunol. 2016; 77:522–526.
40. Sfar I, Dhaouadi T, Habibi I, Abdelmoula L, Makhlouf M, Ben Romdhane T, et al. Functional Polymorphisms of PTPN22 and FcgR Genes in Tunisian Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Archives De l’Institut Pasteur De Tunis. 2009; 86:51-62.
41. Chabchoub G, Teixiera EP, Maalej A, Ben Hamad M, Bahloul Z, Cornelis F, et al. The R620W polymorphism of the protein tyrosine phosphatase 22 gene in autoimmune thyroid diseases and rheumatoid arthritis in the Tunisian population. Ann Hum Biol. 2009; 36:342–349.
42. Totaro MC, Tolusso B, Napolioni V, Faustini F, Canestri S, Mannocci A, et al. PTPN22 1858C>T polymorphism distribution in Europe and association with rheumatoid arthritis: Case-control study and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011; 6:e24292.
43. Caponi L, Petit-Teixeira E, Sebbag M, Bongiorni F, Moscato S, F Pratesi, et al. A family based study shows no association between rheumatoid arthritis and the PADI4 gene in a white French population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64:587-593.
44. Martinez A, Valdivia A, Pascual-Salcedo D, Lamas JR, Fernández-Arquero M. PADI4 polymorphisms are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the Spanish population. Rheumatology. 2005; 44:1263-1266.
45. Ben Hassine H, Zemni R, Bouagina E, Zaglaoui H, Ben Fradj H, Slama F, et al. Lack of association between PADI4 polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis in the Tunisian population. Joint Bone Spine. 2012; 79:329-330.
46. Lee YH, Bae SC. Association between susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and PADI4 polymorphisms: A meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2016; 35:961-971.
47. Steer S, Lad B, Grumley JA, Kingsley GH, Fisher SA. Association of R602W in a protein tyrosine phosphatase gene with a high risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a British population: Evidence for an early onset/disease severity effect. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2005; 52:358-360.
48. Dieudé P, Garnier S, Michou L, Petit-Teixeira E, Glikmans E. Rheumatoid arthritis seropositive for the rheumatoid factor is linked to the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22-620W Allele. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2015; 7:1200-1207.
49. Lee AT, Li W, Liew A, Bombardier C, Weisman M, E M Massarotti, et al. The PTPN22 R620W polymorphism associates with RF positive rheumatoid arthritis in a dose-dependent manner but not with HLA-SE status. Genes and Immunity. 2005; 6:129-133.
50. Bottini N, Musumeci L, Alonso A, Rahmouni S, Nika K, Rostamkhani M, et al. A functional variant of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase is associated with type I diabetes. Nat Genet. 2004; 36:337-338.
51. Velaga MR, Wilson V, Jennings CE, Owen CJ, Herington S, Donaldson PT, et al. The codon 620 tryptophan allele of the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP) gene is a major determinant of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89:5862-5865.