Journal of Pollution Effects & Control
Open Access
ISSN: 2375-4397
+44 1223 790975
ISSN: 2375-4397
+44 1223 790975
Research Article - (2020)Volume 8, Issue 2
Municipal solid waste (MSW); Developing countries; Waste management; Collection; Final disposal
Developing countries are those nations that have low living standards, undeveloped industrial base and low human development index; economically and socially trying towards betterment by economic and social maintenances and proper policy implementation and have an annual per capita income between US$875 and US$10,725 [1].
Around the world there are about 145 developing countries facing similar problems due to urbanization, economic activity and quality of life that have caused an increase in the consumption of products and services in the population, accelerating the waste generation [2].
In 2016, the world generated 2.01 billion tons of waste, but global waste is expected to grow to 3.40 billion tons by 2050. The Latin American and the Caribbean region generated 231 million tons of waste and the municipal solid waste (MSW); East Asia and Pacific 468 and Middle East and North Africa 129 million tons of waste. In addition, generation per capita was 0.99, 081 and 0.56 kg per inhabitant a day, respectively. The main categories of the average waste composition for the three region included: food and green 52-58 %, paper and cardboard 13-15 % and plastic 12 % [3]. Table 1 shows some examples of cities from different parts of the world including the MSW generation per capita.
| Developing countries | MSW Generation per capita (kg per inhabitant per day) |
|---|---|
| Buenos Aires, Argentina | 1.15 |
| CDMX, Mexico | 1.38 |
| Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua | 0.5 |
| Hanoi, Vietnam | 1.06 |
| Tehran, Iran | 0.88 |
| Alexandria city, Egypt | 1.2 |
| Tashkent, Uzbekistan | 0.55 |
| Doula, Cameroon | 0.54 |
| Nairobi, Kenya | 0.72 |
| Rabat, Morocco | 0.76 |
Table 1: MSW generation per capita.
In developing countries, most of the MSW generated is disposed in landfills and open-air sites causing serious risks to public health and environment. In addition, in highly populated countries such as China, India, Turkey, Mexico, and Brazil, almost 90% of the solid waste (major part is organic), considered as the principal source for producing methane is usually destined to landfills and dumps generously liberating huge quantities of carbon dioxide and methane to the atmosphere [4].
Due to the poor infrastructure and inefficient or non-existent organizational structures to manage waste, vulnerability to water contamination and water logging is very high in many cities of developing countries [2].
In Mexico, according to the General Law for the Prevention and Integrated Waste Management “…MSW are generated in households, resulting from the elimination of materials used from domestic activities, of products consumed and their bottles, packaging or containers; waste from any other activity within establishments or in public areas that generates waste with the characteristics similar to that from households, as well as what are generated from cleaning streets and public areas…” and this General Law also defines the integrated waste management as a “set of actions that are articulated and interrelated with the operational, financial, planning, administrative, social, educational, monitoring, supervision and evaluation for waste management from generation to landfill. The purpose is to achieve environmental benefits, economic optimization of management and social acceptance in response to the needs and circumstances of each locality or region…” [13].
Therefore, considering this conceptualization, the objective of this work is to know more information about the waste management in developing countries using a successful case study of Mexico.
Waste Management (Collection and Final Disposal)
Most of the developing countries have serious problems with the waste management. The limited financial resources are the critical point at all governmental levels. However, waste management is different for urban and rural localities (Table 2).
| Urban Localities | Rural Localites |
|---|---|
| • High amount of waste. | • Small amount of waste (mostly biodegradable organic waste). |
| • Relevant investment by the authorities. | • Lower investments to improve the collection system. |
| • Optimization of the collection. | • The collection system is not differentiated. |
| • Selective collection systems in some localities. | • Easier involvement of the population. |
| • Difficulties in control and monitoring environmental variables. | • Abundance of space. |
| • Lack of space for introducing new waste management plants, facilities and landfilling sites. | • Rare construction of controlled dumping sites. |
| • Data available are mostly incomplete. | • Lack of public investment. |
| • Limited capacities for introducing new technological facilities and for its maintenance. | |
| • Lack of reliable data. |
Source: Ferronato et al., 2019; Castillo-González & De Medina-Salas, 2014.
Table 2: Differences between urban and rural localities in waste management.
In most developing countries, waste management considers only two stages: collection and final disposal (and usually in uncontrolled dumps). The collection system does not include a differentiated collection of the MSW. In Latin American and the Caribbean region, at the urban level, about 85% of waste is collected, but in rural communities, waste collection coverage is about 30%; meanwhile in East Asia and Pacific is 77 % (urban) and 45 % (rural); in Middle East and North Africa 90 % (urban) and 74 % (rural) [3]. Most of the waste collection systems are on a door-to-door basis [14-16].
The disposal methods in Latin American and the Caribbean region include 68.5 % of the generated waste are landfilled, 26.8 % are dumped into uncontrolled sites, 4.5 % are recycled, less than 1 % are composted or are anaerobically digested. The Middle East and North Africa 34 % landfill, 52.7 % open dumps, recycling 9%, 4 % composting and less than 1 % incineration; East Asia and Pacific 46 % landfill, 18 % open dump, 24 % incineration, 9 % recycling, 2 % composting [3].
It is relevant to say that in rural localities, the practice of burning some waste fractions is common [17]. The leachates generated in open dumps and landfills, although highly heterogeneous, are characterized by containing high concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants. Unfortunately, they are not treated adequately, causing soil, water and air pollution [18].
The limited resources are always the critical point to improve the waste management system in developing countries, however, to overcome the principal issues about this subject it is necessary to look for institutional set up, human awareness and capacities, proper standards, laws, guidelines and norms, and proper infrastructure to contribute about enabling waste management to mitigate adverse impacts to the environment, natural resources and public health [19].
Teocelo, Veracruz, Mexico. A Successful Case Study
In Mexico, especially in the state of Veracruz, there is a little urban municipality named Teocelo, surrounded by a rural context with a population of 16,327 inhabitants [20]. Due to its context, this locality is a great generator of biodegradable organic waste. Teocelo has received different awards and recognitions for several years in Mexico (Table 3). Thus, it is a national reference in waste management.
| Awards | Institutions | Year |
|---|---|---|
| National Government and Management Award | Economic Research and Teaching Center (CIDE). | 2002 |
| Prize for the Environment (State level) | Veracruz State Government | 2002 |
| ‘Let's Clean Our Mexico’ Award | TV-Azteca | 2009 |
| Sustainability Award | ICLEI- Local Governments for sustainability | 2013 |
| Ecological Merit Award, with a special mention in the category of Formal Environmental Education to the Center for Multiple Attention of Special Education María Enriqueta Camarillo | Mexico Government | 2016 |
Source: De la Cruz, et al.,2019; García & Luna, 2013; Wojtarovsky-Leal et al., 2018; Gónzalez, 2011.
Table 3: Teocelo´s awards since 2002 to 2016.
This municipality has also received recognition for the Agenda Program from the Local Authorities; Recognition of the World Association for the Protection of Animals; First municipality in Veracruz to present its Waste Separation Plan to 2025; First municipality in Mexico to prepare a Climate Change Plan and First municipality in the state of Veracruz to declare free of transgenic crops [21].
The MSW generation per capita is 0.24 kg per inhabitant a day and its waste management program started in 2001. It is important to highlight the importance of the citizen involvement and caring of the environment in this municipality. All people separate their waste in organic and inorganic. Only the inorganic fraction is managed to the collection system, while a part of the organic fraction is usually composted at home and the rest is treated in a vermicomposting plant.
The attitude of Teocelo´s people had been analyzed by several authors and the results showed that the “environment” and “consciousness and share responsibility” (28%) are the most important categories to continue with the policy of waste management (Figure 1) (Source: Based on Wojtarovksy-Leal et al.) [22].
Figure 1: The attitude of Teocelo´s people.
About the relevance of waste separation, the most important aspects are improving the environment (40.75%) and use of organic waste for fertilizer production (35.19%) (Figure 2) (Source: Based on Wojtarovksy-Leal et al.) [22].
Figure 2: Relevance of waste separation.
It is interesting to know that 90% of the people feel proud of waste separation due principally to three factors: social collaboration (32.60%), environment care (27.90%), and moral obligation (20.93%) (Figure 3) (Source: Based on Wojtarovksy-Leal et al.) [22].
Figure 3: Aspects for being proud of the waste separation.
The Teocelo Vermicomposting Plant is considered a municipal achievement of high social, economic and environmental impact. It has green areas, an educational module and large spaces for family recreation. Within these facilities, awareness-raising processes are carried out with the community in general, so that they know the social, economic and environmental value that is represented by this eco-technology. This has been done since 2010 through courses, talks and workshops to strengthen community participation in programs led by the municipal authority. One of its main functions is the treatment of organic solid waste produced in the same municipality to obtain compost, a useful by-product, marketable and suitable for agricultural activities. This fertilizer is currently used in the green areas of the municipality, but it has also been shared with coffee producers to fertilize their agroecosystems, with housewives for their backyard crops and with schools for the establishment of school gardens [25].
Nowadays, the people of the locality keep this way of living and considers that the care of the environment is important for this and new generations. In this successful story the development of environmental public policies had led to better life quality.
Waste management in developing countries requires integrated holistic approaches for its solution. Although the limited financial resources are the critical point for the waste management system in the developing countries, there is a good chance to improve them, as the successful case of Teocelo, through the citizen involvement, conscientization of the importance of caring the environment and adequate community participation policies in solving problems. In addition, developing countries must start improving the waste management system using a differentiated collection, and strengthen actions of recycling to contribute the circular economy.
Citation: De Medina-Salas L, Castillo-González E, Giraldi-Díaz MR, Fernández-Rosales V, Welsh Rodríguez CM (2020) A Successful Case in Waste Management in Developing Countries. J Pollut Eff Cont 8:242. doi: 10.35248/2375-4397.20.8.242.
Received: 24-Apr-2020 Accepted: 05-May-2020 Published: 12-May-2020 , DOI: 10.35248/2375-4397.20.8.242
Copyright: © 2020 De Medina-Salas L, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.