Journal of Leukemia
Open Access

A Short Note on Bone Marrow and Blood Cancers

Carlos Martin Saborido^{* *}Correspondence: Carlos Martin Saborido, Department of Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy, Email:

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Description

Most of blood cancers, also known as hematologic cancer cells, begin in the bone marrow, which produces blood. When aberrant blood cells begin to develop out of control, they affect the function of normal blood cells, which fight infection and produce new blood cells.

Types of blood cancers

Leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma are the three most common kinds of blood and bone marrow cancer.

• Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow and spreads to other parts of the body. It happens when the body creates an abnormally large amount of white blood cells, obstructing the bone marrow's ability to make red blood cells and platelets.

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections.

• Hodgkin lymphoma is a blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections. In Hodgkin lymphoma, the Reed-Sternberg cell is a sort of abnormal lymphocyte.

• Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that begins in the plasma cells of the blood, which are a type of white blood cell produced in the bone marrow [1-4].

Symptoms of blood cancer

Fever, chills, and fatigue are some of the most frequent bone marrow and blood cancer symptoms. And also Consistent fatigue and weakness, Loss of appetite and nausea, Unexplained weight loss, Night sweats, Bone/joint pain, Abdominal discomfort, Headaches, Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarms, or groyne, Shortness of breath, Frequent infections, Itchy skin or skin rash.

Diagnosis of blood cancer

A physical examination to check general health is often the first step in determining a diagnosis. The doctor will examine body and lymph nodes for any signs of infection or bruises, as well as evaluate medical history. Blood cancer can be treated using a different tests and procedures. The treatments require will be determined by the type of blood cancer they have been diagnosed. The health-care provider may suggest testing and work with patient to assess the results and determine a diagnosis [5,6].

Biopsies: A biopsy is a procedure that gathers samples of cells for laboratory examination by a pathologist. A lymph node biopsy, which retrieves a sample of lymph tissue or an entire lymph node, may be required for various types of blood cancers, such as lymphoma. Certain types of blood cancer can be diagnosed by testing the bone marrow, which is where blood cells are formed. A bone marrow aspiration is a procedure to remove a small sample of bone marrow, blood, and bone from either the hip bone or the breastbone. The sample is sent to a lab, where it is examined for abnormal cells or genetic material changes [7].

Scannable images: Some kinds of blood cancer benefit more from imaging scans than others. Although a scan can detect an enlarged lymph node, which is a typical lymphoma sign, it is rarely utilized to identify leukaemia. A type of blood cancer doesn't cause tumors to form. Scans, on the other hand, may be useful in determining whether cancer spread to other sections of the body [8].

The following are examples of scans:

• CT scan (Computed Tomography)

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

• PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

• X-ray

• Ultrasound

During biopsies, certain types of scans are used to help pinpoint the area to be sampled.

Blood test: The cell count of different components of blood, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, is seen in a Complete Blood Count (CBC). Blood chemistry tests are used to determine the concentration of different compounds in your blood. Protein levels that are abnormal, for example, may reveal information about illness. Doctors may want to evaluate the blood calcium level if multiple myeloma is suspected. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that can be measured to lymphoma.

Treatment and therapy options for blood cancer

The type of cancer, age, how fast the cancer is progressing, where the cancer has spread, and other factors all influence treatment for blood and bone marrow cancers. The following are some of the most prevalent blood cancer treatments for leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma [9,10].

Transplantation of stem cells: Healthy blood-forming stem cells are infused into the body during a stem cell transplant. Bone marrow, circulating blood, and umbilical cord blood can all be used to harvest stem cells.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses anticancer drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells in the body. Chemotherapy for blood cancer may include the administration of several drugs in a specific order. This treatment can also be used in association with a stem cell transplant.

Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy is a type of treatment that can be used to kill cancer cells or ease pain and discomfort. It's also possible to take it before a stem cell transplant.

References

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