Anesthesia & Clinical Research
Open Access

Abstract

Propofol Requirement during Propofol and Butorphanol Anesthesia with and without Nitrous Oxide in Short Duration Intracranial Surgeries: A Bispectral Index Guided Study

Surya Kumar Dube, Rajeev Kumar Dubey and Lal Dhar Mishra

Introduction: Propofol is a preferred agent in neurosurgical anesthesia because of its favorable effects on cerebral hemodynamics and excellent recovery profile. Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid which is 5-8 times more potent than morphine and is known to provide stable hemodynamics during various surgical procedures. Owing to its unfavorable effects on cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics nitrous oxide has a debatable role in neurosurgical anesthesia. But studies on exact dose requirement during propofol induction and maintenance anesthesia along with butorphanol with and without the use of N2O during craniotomies are lacking. So we aimed at studying the requirement of propofol (used along with butorphanol) with and without the use of nitrous oxide in intracranial surgeries using bispectral index (BIS) monitoring.