Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals
Open Access
ISSN: 1948-5964
ISSN: 1948-5964
Joanna Said, Elin Andersson, Edward Trybala and Tomas Bergstrom
Attachment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to host cells is primarily mediated by cell surface molecules CD4 and either of the chemokine co-receptors CCR5 or CXCR4, and is facilitated by cellular heparan sulfate chains of syndecans. Although mimetics of heparan sulfate exhibit potent anti-HIV-1 activity in cultured cells, these compounds failed to prevent infection in humans when used in clinical trials as microbicides. We have previously shown that the low molecular weight and extensively sulfated oligosaccharide muparfostat coupled to cholestanol exhibited virucidal activity while the non-conjugated muparfostat (formerly known as PI-88) inhibited HIV-1 infection of cultured cells in a reversible manner only. To initiate clarification of distinct anti-HIV-1 potencies of muparfostat and muparfostat-cholestanol conjugate, in this work we sought to select for viral resistance using the less potent muparfostat. The laboratory strain HIV-1IIIB was successively propagated in H9 cells in the presence of the compound. The virus selected for after 21-24 passages appeared to be approximately 3-4 times less sensitive to muparfostat than the original HIV-1IIIB strain or control virus passaged in parallel in the absence of muparfostat. Comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences of these viruses revealed presence of the I152V substitution in V2, the K276R change in V3, the deletion of five amino acid repeat 366FNSTW370 in V4 of gp120, and the L33S and A101T alterations in transmembrane gp41 component of the muparfostat passaged virus. Selection for viral variants with mutations in gp41 was an unexpected observation as this protein of HIV-1 is seldom targeted by sulfated polysaccharides.