Open Access

Biodegradation

Biodegradation is the biologically catalyzed modification of an organic chemical's structure. However, this modification can be through different metabolic pathways and does not necessarily mean a reduction in toxicity. Mineralization, one type of biodegradation, is defined as the conversion of an organic substance to its inorganic constituents, rendering the original compound harmless.Transformation is defined as any metabolically-induced change in the chemical composition of a compound. Biodegradable material is capable of decomposing without an oxygen source (anaerobically) into carbon dioxide, water, and biomass, but the timeline is not very specifically defined. Similarly, compostable material breaks down into carbon dioxide, water, and biomass; however, compostable material also breaks down into inorganic compounds. The process for composting is more specifically defined, as it controlled by humans. Essentially, composting is an accelerated biodegradation process due to optimized circumstances.Additionally, the end product of composting not only returns to its previous state, but also generates and adds beneficial microorganisms to the soil called humus. This organic matter can be used in gardens and on farms to help grow healthier plants in the future. Composting more consistently occurs within a shorter time frame since it is a more defined process and is expedited by human intervention. Biodegradation can occur in different time frames under different circumstances, but is meant to occur naturally without human intervention.