Journal of Research and Development
Open Access

Using Ethical Artificial Intelligence EAI to Eliminate the Strange and Suspicious Phenomena that have Spread “Iraq Post Disaster as a Case Study”

Rasha A. Waheeb^{* *}Correspondence: Rasha A. Waheeb, Department of Engineering Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, Email:

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Introduction

Drugs are a group of substances that cause addiction and poison the nervous system. The word (narcotic) is used to denote what makes the mind lose its mind, because it contains chemicals that lead to drowsiness, sleep, or absence of consciousness.

The use of drugs may lead to the so-called (dependency syndrome), which is a group of behavioral, cognitive and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated use of substances, and usually includes a strong desire to continue doing so despite the harmful consequences, until it reaches the stage of dependence on it and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms [1].

Meaning of addiction: It is a compulsive desire to continue using the drug or obtaining it by any means, with a tendency to increase the dose used; which causes psychological and physical dependence and a harmful effect on the individual and society.

Drug types: There are many types of drugs and their forms are many, and they are dangerous, whether they are of natural origin (qat, opium, morphine, hashish, cocaine, etc.), or of synthetic origin (heroin, amphetamines, etc.), as well as narcotic pills and volatile solvents (Table 1).

The most common drug in the kingdom: Hashish, then Captagon, then methamphetamine (shabu), all of which are dangerous substances that lead to serious psychological, mental and physical illnesses.

Table 1: Reasons for falling into drugs.

Symptoms of drug addiction

• Drowsiness.
• Flicker.
• Red eyes, dilated pupils.
• Lack of interest in personal hygiene and general appearance.
• Loss or increase of appetite.
• Dark circles under the eyes.
• Sleep disorders.

Side effects of drug addiction

• Psychological complications (such as: Change in personality, decline in functional and cognitive performance).
• Mental symptoms (such as feeling apathetic, losing judgment).
• Infection of the immune system (such as sexually transmitted diseases and viral diseases such as viral hepatitis).
• Hormonal disorders (such as: Infertility and the effect on the fertilization process).
• Family disintegration and divorce problems.
• Spread crimes to get money or resistance.

How does a family know they have an addict?

• Change in friends.
• Aggressiveness.
• Isolation and social withdrawal.
• Poor academic achievement.
• Laziness and absence from study or work.
• Unjustified increase in getting money.
• Violence and violence in the relationship with parents, brothers and sisters.

Prevention of drug addiction

Enhancing the religious faith of children

• Respect the opinion of children and encourage them to express.
• Give them confidence by revealing their problems and approaching them.
• Focus on cultural principles and constants.
• Developing children's interests in positive activities such as sports, drawing, programming, and others.
• Teaching children how to deal with stress and frustration.
• Allocate time to travel to perform Umrah or to visit, and times to have fun with them.
• Allocate time to spend with each son or daughter and share their school activities with the father and mother.
• Caution, as the majority of parents do not imagine that their children can use drugs, God forbid.
• Focusing on the value of familial love, and that dissatisfaction with a particular act does not diminish the value of love.

Literature Review

The spread of drugs in Iraq is faster than control: Corruption and borders

The Iraqi authorities continue to raid and arrest drug dealers and promoters in various governorates of the country, in addition to controlling large quantities of different types of drugs that enter Iraq via land routes from Syria and Iran, while several cities in the country witnessed armed clashes with drug traffickers [2]. On the trail, officers from the security forces, despite this, the spread of narcotic substances is faster than control.

As the race to control drugs is much more difficult than any other criminal file, and there are martyrs and wounded members of the security forces during the current war on drug traffickers.

This spread competes with control operations, which the authorities are aware of. Unfortunately, the rampant financial corruption in state agencies contributes to the passage of drugs to most cities in Iraq. There are also drugs entering the governorates of Kirkuk, Diyala, and Salah al-Din, originating from the Penguin crossing in Sulaymaniyah, which greatly affects the Efforts to control border crossings on both sides of Syria and Iran [3].

The detachments have detected a large spread of drugs in some areas of city centers, specifically in the capital, Baghdad. Efforts are still focused on monitoring local drug dealers, and there is great cooperation with the intelligence service and the intelligence directorate in tracking down big dealers who play subversive roles in Iraq.

Seizing 14 million narcotic pills in 8 months

The General Directorate for Narcotics Control in the Iraqi Ministry of Interior announced the seizure of 14 million narcotic pills and about 300 kilograms of narcotic substances in only 8 months of this year.

As operations continue to fight and chase drug dealers, as more than 1,350 suspects were arrested during the past month.

And that the total number during the past eight months has become 11,000 accused of trade, promotion and abuse, in addition to the seizure of nearly 300 kilograms of narcotic substances and more than 14 million pills of Captagon and psychotropic substances.

That there is a serious fight by the Directorate and all security agencies; To fight drug dealers, and here stems the role of citizens and their patriotic duty towards the country and the people in dismantling many networks, by calling the free hotline of the Directorate with the number 178, which operates in all the governorates of Iraq.

Drugs and criminal offenses

That most cases of criminal offenses in Iraq, particularly in the southern regions of the country, are caused by drug abuse, and that crystal is the most widespread in Basra, and this narcotic substance pushes young people to commit suicide sometimes, irresponsible behavior, theft and murder.

The Iraqi forces continue follow-up tasks at the Iraqi border, but there are openings and gaps in the border that smugglers exploit. The war on drugs inside Iraq needs to control the borders, because without preventing smuggling, the scourge of drugs will continue to spread [4].

The Anbar Governorate police, in the west of the country, seized two million narcotic pills during an operation carried out by a special force, which resulted in the arrest of a drug dealer who was intending to distribute the quantity inside the province. 11 kilograms of hashish were in possession of drug trafficking, in addition to finding weapons and hand grenades from drug dealers.

And the ministry of the interior had previously announced the establishment of an integrated database on the methods, methods, regions, and entry of narcotic substances and the most prevalent substances in Iraq. As for Captagon and other psychotropic substances, they spread in western and northern Iraq and enter from Anbar Governorate (on the border with Syria), and that most of the narcotic substances enter Iraq through unofficial roads and outlets, the marshes, the border strip and the desert from the western side.

Drugs are widely spread in Iraq due to the lack of control over the border crossings, and the most affected governorates are Amarah, Basra and Wasit, all of which border Iran, where large quantities of hashish, crystal and Captagon are leaking.

The drug law in Iraq also causes, in one way or another, the spread of drugs, especially as it witnesses a state of nondiscrimination between drug users and traffickers, not to mention legal manipulation by some lawyers and dealers by converting traffickers into drug users to mitigate punishment, in addition to the entry of corruption and unbridled weapons. The care line for dealers and the diversion of drugs into Iraqi cities.

In recent years, Iraq has become among the countries in which drugs are widely spread, and in the past months, the Iraqi forces have carried out large and successive campaigns against gangs and drug dealers in the country, which led to the arrest of dozens of drug dealers and users, and contributed to besieging drug supply networks [5].

Before the US occupation, Iraqi law punished drug dealers with death by hanging, but after the occupation, the death penalty was abolished and penalties of up to 20 years imprisonment were imposed.

That Iraq, over the previous regimes, was free of drugs, "but poor performance and complacency led to a large spread, especially since the higher authorities repeatedly confirmed that 50% of young people abused it.

When there is weakness in border control and arms working to bring drugs into Iraq, the law must be applied strictly so that Iraq can dry up the sources and end the phenomenon, in addition to the need for awareness campaigns by various means.

Drugs kill Iraqis. The rate of abuse reaches a "terrifying" level

The announcement of the Iraqi security services to dismantle drug networks has become an almost daily matter, amid warnings of an exacerbation of the scourge of addiction, among the country's youth affected by the poor economic and social conditions, while the war against prohibited substances focuses on the security aspect, to a large extent, without addressing the causes.

Observers believe that the dismantling of this large number of networks reveals the steady rise in the number of drug addicts in the country and those involved in drug trafficking, especially among the young age groups.

The group of young people is the first victim of falling into the trap of devastating addiction, in a country where under the age of twenty-five constitute 60 percent of the total population.

The war against drugs focuses on security and intelligence confrontations only, without developing social, economic and psychological treatment mechanisms, i.e., the motivating and encouraging factors for the growth of drug abuse in Iraqi society.

The enormity of the situation is evident through the alarming numbers and statistics announced by the concerned government agencies, as the country annually records thousands of cases of addiction and trafficking, while the bulk of abuse and promotion cases remain shrouded in secrecy [6].

Worrying indications

And in a very dangerous indicator, the Supreme Judicial Council in Iraq had announced that the percentage of drug addiction may reach 50 percent among young people, and the largest percentage of abuse reaches 70 percent, in poor areas and neighborhoods where unemployment is high.

Meanwhile, the general directorate for combating narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in the Iraqi Ministry of Interior announced that, within a year and a half, the General Directorate was able to arrest more than 11,000 drug dealers and dealers, including 5,000 users, and this is a dangerous indicator.

The phenomenon of widespread drug abuse and trade in Iraq is due to a number of complex and interrelated reasons. The most important of which is unemployment, poverty, and a blockage of horizons for young people. For example, the unemployment rate in some governorates has reached about 35 percent, while the number of people below the poverty line among all Iraqi citizens has exceeded 13 million, according to the Iraqi Ministry of Planning. The scale of the tragedy was measured against that [7].

A feeling of being lost

The feeling of loss, the lack of meaning in life, family disintegration, depression, despair, and impotence are all major factors behind the exacerbation of drug abuse and trafficking in Iraqi society.

The succession of disappointments and shocks among the Iraqi citizen in general and the youth in particular, after a long patience, and because patience has limits, and a person has a certain ability to endure and suffer, unfortunately produced this unfortunate result, as the spread of negative phenomena that erodes the depth of society, its values, security and stability.

The blame lies with the catastrophic failure of the Iraqi authorities and their monopoly on the wealth and capabilities of the country. While politics is known as the art of managing people's affairs, what happened in Iraq is that the ruling political class isolated itself spatially and psychologically in 10 square kilometers, to live a luxurious and luxurious life, and left people outside its tower [8]. Ivorians suffer humiliation and humiliation in light of poverty and high prices, the absence of social justice and inequality, and the prevalence of corruption.

The Drug and Psychotropic Substances Control Law in Iraq, No. 50 issued in 2017, provides for severe penalties that reach the point of death, as in Article 27 thereof, and life imprisonment, as in Article 28 of the law.

Until 2003, Iraq was generally spared to a large extent from the phenomenon of drug addiction and trafficking, due to the strict and deterrent punitive laws that were adopted against drug abusers and traffickers, which amounted to the death penalty [9].

Iraq was just a marginal crossing point in the international drug trade routes, but over the past two decades, as a result of the war, and this is one of the most rigorous, brutal and cruel remnants of war on Iraqi society, it has turned into a semi-open arena for the abuse and trafficking of narcotic substances.

The most common types of narcotics abused in Iraq are white crystal hashish and Captagon pills, most of which enter the country through the long border with Iran, which extends for more than 1,500 kilometers.

Drugs hit the youth of Iraq from unemployment to addiction

Day after day, the phenomenon of the spread of drugs in Iraq is exacerbating until it has reached an explicit and blatant threat that warns of an almost complete societal collapse.

Concerns are increasing with official statements confirming that the rates of drug abuse among young people have reached catastrophic levels [10].

University and school students have become easy prey for abuse, even without their knowledge, until they become addicted to drugs through the hookah, and drugs are taken to them without their knowledge of their existence during sessions with their bad friends and they are slipped through the hookah [11].

Users of some types of drugs, such as "crystal", may become "addicted" after only about two doses.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime says, in a report it issued last February, that the crystal drug is now considered the most dangerous and widespread drug in Iraq, warning that it has become secretly manufactured inside Iraq after it was previously smuggled from Iran.

There are many young people who have been involved in addiction and cannot disclose it for fear of legal prosecution.

Article 40 of the law related to the crime of drug trafficking and abuse stipulates that a criminal case shall not be instituted against every drug user who voluntarily came for treatment in psychiatric clinics affiliated with the Ministry of Health [12].

Until 2003, Iraq was a corridor for the transit of drugs without recording rates of abuse and trade in it that reached the level of threat and danger.

The percentage of young people using drugs has reached 50%.

Earlier, the Anti-Narcotics Directorate of the Ministry of Interior revealed an official toll of arresting more than 17,000 accused of drug abuse and trafficking in Iraq within 22 months.

Drugs in Iraq are a phenomenon that has begun to expand and grow, and drug trafficking and abuse are cross-border crimes, and it is difficult to fully control the channels and corridors for smuggling.

During the previous periods, the security forces were able to strike many of these networks and arrest the major merchants among them.

The "Ministry of the Interior has provided a lot of activities to reduce the crime of drug abuse and trafficking in Iraq."

And that "the number of detainees for these crimes has reached more than 11,700 accused to date, with the seizure of more than 480 kilograms, which included various types of narcotic substances."

And that the indicator, according to the investigative data, shows that the transportation of narcotic substances takes place through wheels that contain places to hide them in an attempt not to be detected by the checkpoints, and that "the competent security forces have diagnosed these places and can monitor them directly."

From time to time, the security authorities reveal operations to chase and arrest drug dealers, some of which are characterized by clashes and exchanges of fire with these gangs. The judicial authorities also issue sentences against those convicted of this charge, which vary between severe imprisonment, life imprisonment, and death.

Article 27 of the Drug Penal Code stipulates the death penalty for every drug dealer. And Article 28 of the same law stipulates imprisonment from 15 years to life for every drug dealer or possessor.

Specialists attribute the high rates of drug abuse in Iraq to the causes of poverty and unemployment among Iraqi youth, which amounts to 36%, in a country where people under the age of 25 make up about 60% of its population.

Semi-official reports say that most of the narcotic substances enter Iraq through the country's southern borders, and the largest proportion of drug users is located in poor cities.

There are dedicated wards within Iraqi hospitals to deal with cases of drug addiction.

There is a hospital consisting of 100 beds dedicated to dealing with victims of addiction, and it has reached advanced stages, but the lack of financial allocations prevents its completion in full.

The spread of drugs among coffee shops and cafeterias frequented by young people, according to the “subcommittees specialized in following up on this matter and affiliated with the Ministry of Health, and during their work, only very few percentages indicated the validity of this information.

And we must work to educate the community and spread societal awareness and follow-up of families for their children, especially young people, as well as raising the culture of deterrence and warning of the dangers of addiction.

That "the issue of drugs in Iraq is linked to militias and forces that have power over the state and control their entry points."

That "those gangs have regional extensions and have influential arms in most of the state's institutions in a way that allows them to survive and continue their deadly trade," and it is a war on countries and societies that is more deadly than the war of the nuclear and atomic bombs.

Corruption and weak rule of law in Iraq and the exacerbation of the drug phenomenon.

Since the US invasion in 2003, Iraq has become a transit corridor for drugs. With the deterioration of social conditions in Iraq, drug addiction has increased among members of his community.

Under the previous rule, Iraq was a drug-free country. But since the US-led invasion in 2003, Iraq has become a drug consumer and transit country for drug traffickers. Due to the dire economic conditions afflicting the country, Iraqi youth have lost hope in a bright future, which prompted them to escape from reality through drug use. Not only did Iraq become a target for drug exporters from some neighboring countries, but it also became a starting point for drug smuggling to some members of the cooperation council for the Arab Gulf States. Despite the minimal efforts made by the Iraqi government to curb drug use and trafficking, this government is too weak to deal with the new threat facing Iraqi society.

The chaotic years following the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 meant drugs were smuggled across the porous borders, but only for transit, not for consumption. Any possession of drugs under the Ba'athist regime was punishable by the death penalty, so drug use in the years immediately following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime was limited due to the legal ramifications and the fact that drug use was not socially acceptable. By 2005, Iraq was being used as a staging post for drug trafficking. The International Narcotics Control Board, an independent body of the United Nations, expressed concern that Iraq has become a transit country for drugs coming from Afghanistan, as a result of the post-conflict situation.

With the deterioration of social conditions in Iraq, drug addiction has increased among Iraqis. High unemployment, especially among the youth, prompted many Iraqis to start using crystal meth, which has been described by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as "the most troubling drug" in Iraq. The coronavirus pandemic has exacerbated the problem and dealt a heavy blow to the fragile Iraqi economy and reduced job opportunities. Some of them in Iraq linked the high unemployment rate among young people to the increase in addiction directly. For example, the Basra police department reported that 97% of drug users arrested in 2018 were unemployed, two-thirds of whom were 25 years of age or younger; The Basra court of appeal stated that 90% of those arrested for drug use in approximately the same period were unemployed. Unfortunately, there are no reliable official figures, but officials' statements indicate that the drug problem is very difficult in some cities. For example, the governor of Diwaniyah stated that the rate of drug use among young people has reached 40%, according to some estimates of non-governmental organizations [13].

We fear that the government is unable to address the growing drug problem in the country due to corruption and a weak security system. Its attempts to curb drug trafficking and distribution have been limited, at best. Security forces in Maysan province, for example, conduct daily raids, but have faced obstacles from tribes that threaten the families of officers trying to deal with the drug issue. Moreover, small and large drug traffickers must be prosecuted, and supervision exercised over large traffickers. As mentioned in government sources, smugglers pay heavy bribes to turn a blind eye to the flow of drugs. In addition, many unofficial crossings are used for smuggling, run by tribes or militias in the south along the border with Iran and on the border with Syria in the west [14]. Many Iraqi judges dealing with drug related cases have received death threats, and there has been no deterrent response. 74 judges have been killed in Iraq since 2003, most of whom were dealing with cases related to drugs or corruption. This raised concerns among the judges in charge of drug cases. Even after some drug dealers were arrested, the politicians were getting involved. The son of the governor of Najaf and two of his friends were arrested on their way to Baghdad with 6 kilograms of hashish and 7,000 anesthetic tablets. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but the Iraqi President pardoned him after the intervention of the Prime Minister. The amnesty was only rescinded after public protests.

In the beginning, most of the drugs smuggled into Iraq came from Iran, then other countries began exporting drugs to Iraq and transporting them to neighboring countries. According to Basra's police chief in 2019, 80% of the drugs that flowed into the city came from Iran. In addition, many drug gangs take advantage of the religious seasons, which require visiting the holy shrines in Najaf and Karbala, to smuggle different types of drugs. But in recent years, Syria has also been a source of drug trafficking into Iraq [15]. The high level of amphetamine production in Lebanon and Syria had a significant impact on Anbar Governorate in Iraq, where drug traffickers were able to smuggle millions of highly addictive tablets, namely Captagon and amphetamine, to Anbar, and from there to other provinces. Not only have these smuggling routes been "a major regional channel for drug trafficking, but they have also become a lucrative market" given that Captagon is a relatively cheap drug.

While some of Iraq's neighboring countries are a source of smuggled drugs, others are a destination for smuggling from Iraq.

Despite attempts by the Iraqi security services to curb the drug trade inside the country through a series of arrests against dealers, it still represents a major challenge and an unprecedented spread among a wide segment of society, especially among young people, as it is one of the obstacles facing the government.

The National Security Agency and the Iraqi police managed to arrest and kill dozens of drug dealers and confiscate tons of drugs during the current year in the various governorates of the country, but it seems that the phenomenon is still on the rise.

For its part, the Iraqi Ministry of Health announced the burning of about six tons of drugs, which is the largest amount that has been seized in consecutive years. The amount destroyed is estimated at 5.9 tons of various drugs, consisting of 54 million narcotic tablets, 31,000 narcotic ampoules, and 9,000 narcotic vials.

Expanding control circles and tightening penalties

The statistics of those arrested during the past six months amounted to 8,200 accused of trafficking and abuse, including 200 women, in addition to more than 200 juveniles, males and females. And that this statistic is a dangerous indicator with regard to abuse of women and juveniles, and that "the largest percentage of abusers is among males." The Directorate announced its intention to toughen the penalties.

The most common types of drugs in Iraq include crystals and hashish, which are spread in the center and south, in addition to Captagon pills, which are spread in western and northern Iraq, and are the most popular and desired among young people.

Limited role

The role of the organizations concerned with following up the drug file in Iraq and the official efforts to eradicate its spread is below the level of ambition, and most organizations and government agencies rely on the principle of punishment, and this is not sufficient to eradicate this dangerous scourge.

And the rate of addiction may reach 50 percent among young people, but this matter is not officially discovered, as there are people who work with drugs and promote them in various regions, and not in a specific area, and that “70 percent of them are in poor neighborhoods and areas where unemployment is high” and other social problems.

Informal ways

The narcotic substances express distant routes from the official border crossings, while the border crossings managed to thwart most of the smuggling of narcotic substances.

And those who are being arrested are small drug dealers, and the capabilities of the Iraqi security forces must be developed and provided with modern equipment that enables them to control smuggling mafias, due to the widespread spread of drugs in the country, despite the Ministry of Interior announcing the seizure of numbers on an almost daily basis.

Also, drug smuggling has become a major issue in Iraq and neighboring countries after the concerned authorities seized smuggling mafias through the Syrian and Iranian borders, and security, legal and criminal agreements must be concluded with neighboring countries in order to control borders to limit drug smuggling.

Establishing a database of drug trafficking networks, prosecuting drug traffickers and executing arrest warrants against drug dealers and drug dealers has become an imperative and a national duty. Poverty and unemployment are two main factors for the spread of narcotics in Iraq, as the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs indicates that there are 4 million unemployed in Iraq, while the Ministry of Planning confirms that 14% of Iraqi youth are unemployed and do not have any source of income. And that the most dangerous to society is the use of drugs by young people that lead to damage to the nervous system and the disruption of productive capacity, in addition to the abuser committing murders and theft, and may lead to sudden death or suicide.

Methodology

The problem of the study is the rapid spread of the phenomenon of drug abuse in Maysan Governorate, southern Iraq, as a real danger that threatens and kills its youth. Inmates in prisons (Maysan Governorate) who are drug addicts and promoters, and those sentenced to different provisions, and by means of a questionnaire, and filling out forms when collecting data by social researchers.

Results

A number of results were reached, the most important of which are:

• Drug abuse and its spread has become a real problem in Maysan Governorate.
• Most drug users are unemployed.
• The most important causes of drug abuse are poor awareness and the family, and economic and social transformations as a result of wars, displacement and unemployment.

Confronting and keeping abreast of developments and developments in drug abuse issues and their treatments is considered one of the biggest challenges that the Ministry of Interior may face, and for this it was necessary for it to take advantage of modern technologies and use them in this context as soon as possible. Therefore, the idea of our study came to establish a national project to monitor and increase Drug addiction recovery rates using artificial intelligence, which is the first of its kind in the Middle East. This project aims to introduce the capabilities of artificial intelligence to computers, which simulate human mental capabilities, in understanding the variables and factors that affect the behavior of addicts, which contributes to setting the necessary policies, whether at the individual or national level, in decision-making.

The implementation phases of the project include two phases. The first is monitoring and improving treatment and recovery by creating and revising “medical, psychological, demographic and other” databases and integrating them. The second phase is building an artificial intelligence model and feeding it with the databases obtained in the first phase.

Efforts must be combined in all sectors to eliminate all forms of prohibited narcotic substances, to get rid of this dangerous phenomenon completely, and to treat its victims in a scientific, thoughtful and proficient manner through the introduction of the latest modern scientific techniques and return Iraq to its original position in the first ranks, free of drugs and addicts and clean it from this phenomenon. The emergency, which is a remnant of the wars that our precious Iraq went through [16].

This is done through the establishment of a strong database to catch drug trafficking networks and their promoters, educate the people and warn them of the dangers of addiction, and force them, even by force and the law, to quit this suspicious phenomenon that afflicts another devastating war on Iraq in addition to the previous wars. and institutions.

It is difficult to talk about sexual diseases, including AIDS, without talking about the most important factors leading to this cancer, which began to ravage the world and extend its long and deadly arms to its various parts, sneaking between mountains, deserts, and oceans, unhindered by any obstacle, and does not distinguish between developed and late countries, or between rich and poor, or between the elderly. Or a child, not between the white, black, or yellow race, as he lives in all climates and feeds on all kinds of people, and does not have mercy on anyone, and whenever he caught his victim, he shot him dead after he gradually exhausted his powers, and the General Assembly indicates in its special session on HIV and AIDS, That drug addicts are considered the highest degree of infection with the AIDS virus, as this method is the most effective means of transmitting the virus from one person to another, and that drug abuse is associated with extremely dangerous sexual behaviors, for the spread of the AIDS virus, and the report considers the need to intensify efforts to prevent drug abuse and prohibited sexual relations To prevent AIDS, in addition to promoting healthy behavioral patterns.

The information of the organizations concerned with the disease indicates that the emergence of the disease has been linked to illegal sexual practices or cases of homosexuality, and as long as all religions adhere to a high level of morality, so it was not expected that the disease would spread in religious societies, and indeed the beginnings were like this, as it spread in the world Western and some Athenian African societies, and United Nations statistics indicate that the number of patients in the world reached nearly (40) million people in 2005, and (3) million deaths were recorded because of it, including about half a million children. Conservative societies, committed to the rules of Islam, but the disease began to erode in their solid walls for reasons and well-known regional agendas.

United Nations

The Security Council issued Resolution No. 1308 in the middle of 2000 to combat the disease. The resolution stated that AIDS constitutes a threat to the economies, security, and safety of countries. The United Nations Program to Combat AIDS prepared a report in which it indicated that the disease affects about 36 million people, and that the death results due to this The disease reached 13 million people until 1999, and the report attributed the cause of the spread of the disease to the poor economic conditions in some countries of the world in which the disease is spread, the high rate of illiteracy and ignorance, poor health culture, the level of services in this aspect, the poor conditions of women, and illegal sexual relations, stating that the African continent suffers from a high rate of infection with the disease (about 25 million people), and Eric Gozbay, a medical expert at the Bengea International AIDS Foundation, comments that the continent will see more waves of death due to the large number of people infected in the last stage of the disease, and in a report by Save the Children "UNICEF" for the year 2001 mentioned that this disease caused the orphanhood of more than 11 million children in the African continent, and called for urgent international assistance for families and societies that strive to help orphans, describing the crisis as having huge dimensions and serious repercussions on the continent, and on the occasion of World AIDS Day, United Nations data indicated that new infections amounted to 5 million, and that the disease is spreading in India, China and Eastern Europe at a speed like fire, considering the new year to be one of the worst years in the history of the disease, noting that "the spread of syphilis and the high rates of sexual intercourse Illegal and without preventive measures increases the incidence of this disease [17].

Symptoms of the disease

Medical studies indicate that the average age of infection with the disease is about 11 years, and that the patient lives between one and two years after the symptoms of the disease appear. Or limit the ability of these drugs to be treated, in addition to obliging the patient to take the drugs continuously, otherwise he is exposed to a major setback, the virus may gain immunity against it, in addition to the side effects of the drugs, and the exorbitant cost of treatment, which amounts to 1000 dollars per month.

All of this is a product of the war on societies through the spread of drugs and addiction to them.

The rapid development in all sciences was followed by a faster development in the world of crime, where huge budgets are allocated for the development of all aspects of crime and the tools used in it, whether traditional, weapons or advanced technology through which they are able to evade and hide from the hands of justice.

Here comes the role of artificial intelligence and modern programs in several important ways, in order to keep pace with criminal developments, and among these programs are the following:

Facial recognition technology: Facial recognition technology is crucial to the work of police departments, as police officers use this technology to identify fleeing and missing criminals using image data. If you've ever seen footage from cameras on the street, you know how low quality these images can be.

It is difficult to review these images to obtain basic information. Also, in many police departments, there are not enough people or specialists to handle the analysis of the huge number of photos to solve all the cases.

This system is more accurate than humans in matching faces, and saves time for officers. And machines can use tags to identify faces, way beyond what humans can detect. Even some of today's AI technologies are advanced enough to find the face of a single person in a crowd inside a stadium. This helped China recently arrest a criminal while he was at a crowded sporting event.

This technology is also able to identify a person despite the age of the image or the person changing some of his features, as this system can be installed in a shopping center, which in turn examines all visitors, and in the event of a match, the image is sent to the concerned parties for verification and taking the necessary measures.

Surveillance cameras: In most major cities, surveillance cameras are everywhere, such as streets, businesses, etc. This is to recognize faces from the images captured by these cameras. Law enforcement often relies on the footage of these cameras to review crimes after they occur, and then arrest criminals. The surveillance camera system can also identify complex objects and activities such as car accidents.

Recognizing objects through surveillance cameras is important, especially for police officers trying to monitor large events, such as music festivals or marathons; given their inability to be in multiple places at once. Officers can rely on artificial intelligence to send an alert if someone in the area has a weapon, or is behaving unusually, might be a perceived threat.

Surveillance cameras also have other uses, as they can analyze street footage and identify vehicles based on their specific characteristics. For example, these cameras can show every blue minibus that passes through a particular intersection in one hour, which becomes useful when officers are looking for a stolen car, or a fugitive criminal, and need results quickly.

Law enforcement agencies also use drone cameras, allowing them to scout a larger area and engage in faster search and rescue efforts, as these drones are equipped with face and object recognition capabilities.

Among the important cases that took place in the UAE was the case known as the "Ghost of Al-Reem", in which a woman was killed, as one of the women stabbed her in the bathroom of a shopping center, and by tracking cameras in the streets, the accused's car was identified, despite Her attempt to hide the number of the car using the flag of the state, but the surveillance cameras were able to follow the car and obtain the front number of the car. The woman was arrested and sentenced to death for her act.

Predictive policing: Predictive policing refers to the ability to predict where crimes will occur, the individuals who may commit them, the types of crimes, and potential victims. Predictive policing is a controversial topic, but it is still far from becoming popular. Companies and police departments are just beginning to test predictive policing systems. These systems could eventually make great strides forward in predicting, and ideally, preventing crimes.

Predictive policing methods now benefit from advances in machine learning, but the rapid proliferation of these tools always raises complex ethical questions related to policing and civil rights. There are many considerations that law enforcement agencies must take into account before implementing predictive policing systems. To ensure that these tools are developed and used responsibly, developers and police should use the Guidelines when developing, publishing and disclosing information about predictive policing tools. A number of conditions must be taken into account for the use of artificial intelligence in police work, as follows:

• Enabling useful research and development for the International Police Organization (INTERPOL).
• Global governance and international cooperation.
• Economic effects, employment shifts, inequality, and technological unemployment.
• Accountability, transparency and explanation.
• Observance of surveillance, privacy and civil liberties.
• Adhere to justice, ethics and human rights.
• No political manipulation and computer propaganda.
• Respect for human dignity, autonomy and psychological impact.
• Caring for human health.
• The robot must be safe and harmless.
• Cyber Security.
• Avoid catastrophic risks.

This is done by entering statistics and crimes into specialized programs that analyze this data and predict the location of the crime according to criminal statistical equations and analyzes.

Bots: We're certainly nowhere near robots replacing entire police forces, but police departments are turning to robots to handle tasks ranging from the mundane to the more dangerous.

Some countries are already testing robots that act as substitutes for police officers. Dubai is experimenting with street robots that can transmit data to headquarters for human review there, are equipped with touch screens to report crimes, and can communicate in six different languages.

Robots can also complete more complex tasks on behalf of police officers, as they are a safer alternative to the risks facing officers' lives, as they can enter dangerous locations, and identify humans and objects that pose potential threats. Robots are also equipped with the ability to detonate bombs, improving public safety, without endangering officers.

Robots are also used to raise awareness of crime of all kinds, and to reduce the incidence of crime among young people.

Non-violent crimes: AI has excelled at detecting anomalies in crime patterns, and this is well suited to detecting non-violent crimes, such as fraud and money laundering. Banks have already benefited from the AI revolution as an integral part of their security, and law enforcement agencies are partnering with these banks to catch perpetrators of these types of crimes.

The United Nations, largely through its agencies, plays the role of imparting best law enforcement practices through technical cooperation, capacity building and research. Countries are engaged in a collective discussion through the organization to set standards on global phenomena, and the United Nations has already begun to study the effects of artificial intelligence in law enforcement, as the Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics of the United Nations Regional Institute for Crime and Research, and the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), held Meeting in July 2018 to explore the opportunities and challenges of using artificial intelligence and robotics in law enforcement, with technologies ranging from autonomous patrol vehicles to behavior detection tools, UNODC encouraged countries to consider the “responsible use of AI and data analytics to support policing.” Proactive and problem-oriented. At the 14^th United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, which was held in Japan in March 2021, member states discussed new technologies as a means and tool to combat crime, in a workshop on current crime trends, recent developments and emerging solutions. While the UN organization is engaged, public enthusiasm for these new technologies should be shaped by a sober discussion about potential societal impacts that may be difficult to reverse [18].

Artificial intelligence, through its various technologies, from modified data collection to bots, is rapidly changing aspects of law enforcement in some countries. Law enforcement agencies introduce new law enforcement techniques more quickly than the ability of legislatures to evolve and track these developments, as well as regulators to make use of this information.

In other cases, the state is developing comprehensive approaches to artificial intelligence in policing, and the state faces a significant learning curve when it comes to emerging technology such as artificial intelligence. However, these new technologies, in many ways, have the potential to reshape the relationship between security forces The state and society, especially in the sphere of social and political control.

A new study by the Future Crime Institute, Igarape, sheds light on crime prediction tools. The study also provides an overview of the opportunities and pitfalls of new crime-fighting technologies, and mentions recommendations for ensuring transparency and accountability. Predictive analyzes are not new. Statistical and mathematical models have been used to predict the location of the crime.

Crime maps and management for the first time in the police scene in the nineties of the twentieth century. And the so-called "hotspot policing" strategy-merging data analytics with targeted policing has been around for more than two decades. Scientific evaluations have shown that it is an effective crime prevention strategy.

Examples of programs and applications in which artificial intelligence and modern programs are used in the General Directorate of Criminal Investigation and Investigation at the Dubai Police General Headquarters include the following:

Smart home program: It is a program that is subscribed to, as cameras and alarm devices are installed in the residences, and they are linked to the operations room of the Dubai Police, and any warning or communication is followed up, and the nearest patrol is sent to the residence in the event of any suspicion or the alarm bell sounds in these homes.

Smart money transfer bag program: In some cases, money transfer companies are robbed, or an employee escapes with the cash to be transferred. In order to spoil these crimes, many companies that manufacture money transport bags were contacted and included a number of safety and security tools and systems, such as: The tracking system, and the money destruction system by spraying a black substance to make the money unusable. If you try to break these bags.

The system for protecting money exchange and gold shops: This is done by installing types of shatter-resistant glass, installing smoke devices, flashers, and other equipment that prevents theft.

Bracelets that restrict freedom: It is a new system that has been adopted in some countries to monitor some criminals, and prevent them from roaming freely, by wearing bracelets, and thus the places that this person can go to and the time they are allowed to be monitored and determined, while monitoring him through a screen that shows the places he went to.

There are many smart programs that help prevent crime, reduce the presence of the police, and benefit from the human element in other places.

The second requirement is modern programs and their role in combating drugs: More than 70,000 drug overdose deaths occurred in the United States in 2017, a higher proportion of deaths attributed to motor vehicle accidents, HIV, or gun violence. The number of deaths due to fentanyl use increased by nearly 45% in 2017, underlining the seriousness of the opioid crisis.

As the crisis continues to spread across America, law enforcement agencies are turning to a new generation of automated technology to detect smugglers as well as locate drug abuse and trafficking in hotspots within major metropolitan areas.

Discussion

This study identifies the top three robotic innovations that have the greatest potential to affect the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies, namely:

Electronic rails that scan cargo to find contraband hidden deep in shipping containers: To deal with the rising tide of drug trafficking, law enforcement agencies are piloting and deploying the following three promising robotic innovations:

The digital Nems: It makes checking shipping containers faster and easier: Sealed cargo containers used to ship goods around the world have always been a challenge for law enforcement agencies to search. When faced with hundreds of containers on a single ship, the task of searching through them is overwhelming.

So existing methods are designed to search for drugs inside cargo, including the deployment of drug sniffing dogs, and outdoor cargo scanners for drugs and explosives. Heart rate monitors and carbon dioxide detectors are also used to detect the presence of illegally smuggled people. A new robotic ferret has been developed since 2008 at the University of Sheffield, UK, with the aim of taking shipping container searches to a whole new level.

The robotic ferret is designed to attach itself magnetically to the ceiling inside the enclosure, and the ferret can literally crawl inside the enclosure, using sophisticated sensors to detect illegal substances. Developments in optical fibers and laser technology have made it possible for these devices to detect fine particles of various materials [19].

The precision probes are designed to pinpoint where contraband is hidden, saving thousands of hours of search time and reducing the number of drug shipments that escape law enforcement scrutiny.

Robots that inhale drugs through the sewage system: Robots that sniff out drugs in the sewers of major cities help law enforcement locate where drug use and trafficking commonly occur throughout cities, and even internationally.

At a local level, sewage-sniffing bots can distinguish the differences between types of drugs or drugs, such as painkillers, heroin or fentanyl. More importantly, this detection technology can tell the difference between pills that have been swallowed, metabolized, or passed as waste versus intact pills that have been flushed down the toilet by criminals trying to escape the law.

Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS): This information is critical to mapping and classifying specific neighborhoods as hotspots, so that additional staff can be deployed accordingly.

Challenges: While promising, this new robotic technology is not without technical, specificity, and terrain challenges.

Deploying, monitoring, and maintaining these types of robots comes at a price, but the upside is that once the robot technology is set up and launched, the sample cost drops dramatically over time.

Drug detection can be problematic, as many drugs break down slowly in water, and heroin quickly converts to morphine. For this reason, it is almost impossible to distinguish heroin-based substances from legitimate sources, such as hospital wastewater, and criminal sources.

To counter the problems associated with identifying morphine, the investigators are targeting fentanyl, which breaks down less quickly in water. However, because fentanyl is 50 to 100 times more potent than heroin, users need much less of it. Thus, few items enter the wastewater supply, which makes it very difficult to track opioid users.

Despite these barriers, municipalities still consider the use of bots as a legitimate means to detect and target drug use hotspots. As this technology develops and the unit price drops, sewer testing may prove to be a more effective alternative to drug control as cities grow faster.

A new fleet of robots looking for drug smuggling: Not long ago, drug traffickers used high-speed watercraft to transport drugs to the United States. We all remember those episodes of Miami Vice, when multi-engine speedboats were used to outrun law enforcement agents.

A number of smugglers are using a new, less detectable method: underwater mini-submersibles, or semi-submersible vessels that travel just below the surface. These ships are capable of carrying tons of illegal drugs. Because of its inconspicuousness, it is almost undetectable by conventional radar technology.

Interestingly, the majority of these ships are built in the jungles of Colombia and then reach the sea through a wide network of rivers.

Although the cost of building these ships may reach millions of dollars, the profit far exceeds that. Only one of these ships can carry thousands of tons of cocaine worth tens of millions of dollars.

Although advanced radar systems deployed by aircraft help locate semi-submersible vessels, it is expected that for every vessel captured, more of these vessels pass undetected. More sophisticated mini-submarines are also undetectable.

Because of this challenge, a group of scientists and students at Boston University is experimenting with a new fleet of subdetectors to help the Coast Guard and Navy teams fight gangs.

When suspicious objects are detected by an unmanned vehicle, other vehicles from the fleet are alerted to swarm the area, allowing for an accurate search of the route and speed of the mini-submarine suspected of carrying drugs. As a result, the bots can spread over large areas and still communicate with every other member of their swarm, regardless of the size of that swarm.

The benefits of being able to intercept these small submarines extend far beyond stopping illegal drug trafficking, because these submarines, which transport tons of drugs, can be used to transport weapons or bombs.

In addition to the above, and at the British University of Surrey, a high-accuracy system was invented to detect the effects of drugs on the hands, as scientists discovered that traces of heroin and its derivatives remain on the hands even after washing them well. This discovery allowed the development of an effective system to detect people who deal with drugs even from a single fingerprint, as the research showed that modern fingerprint detection technology can identify traces of heroin on human skin, even after a person washes his hands. This technology is also smart enough to know if an individual has used medication or shaken hands with someone who has had drug dealings.

In a scientific paper published by the Journal of Analytical Toxicology, a team of experts from the same university detailed how they built the world's leading fingerprint drug testing technology, based on high-resolution mass spectrometry, which is now capable of detecting heroin, drug users, and other heroinrelated analytics.

The team took fingerprints from people seeking treatment in drug rehabilitation clinics who admitted to using heroin or cocaine in the previous 24 hours. Fingerprints of the right hand were collected. Participants were then asked to wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water, and then wear nitrile gloves. for a while before giving another set of fingerprints. This same process was used to collect samples from 50 non-drug users. One system cross-referenced information from non-drug users with volunteers who were being treated for drug dependence, and found that, along with heroin, compounds such as morphine, noscapine, and acetylcodeine were necessary to distinguish those who used drugs than those who did not.

These analyzes were only present in the fingerprints of the drug users. The application of the law is not limited to arresting drug suppliers. And as new drugs emerge, officers need a safe and viable way to test unknown substances. These tools are not only valid for medications, but they can also help keep officers safe from prolonged exposure to them. High-tech portable tools are increasingly being used to test materials.

Anonymous securely and decisively seized by officers in suspected drug raids. These kits are designed to produce immediate results, which is a method of verification that is much faster than the many weeks it can take in a lab.

Data collection and drug mapping: The fight against opiates is not just about law enforcement, but local governments and health care centers have a big role to play, which is why many municipalities have joined the initiative of opioid mapping, which consists of data shared between different city entities. When these entities can pool their resources, they can identify sites where opioid overdoses occur, share statuses about deaths, and put more local social touches on the national crisis to serve as an educational tool for community members. Mapping this data can help show the extent of the crisis, directly affecting people where they go for help. It can also help police intensify their surveillance of high-activity areas, and assist emergency responders with routes to and from these areas to hospitals.

Converting video surveillance into practical intelligence: Video is another powerful source of information in drug trafficking investigations. Law enforcement agencies can leverage existing video surveillance infrastructure to collect and organize data so that it can be visualized and analyzed as evidence. Police in Hartford, Connecticut, are using video content analysis technology to help identify drug houses. With video of a street where drug deals take place, the police used video analytics to process surveillance footage and depict pedestrian traffic hotspots and common paths. Within seconds, the house was detected, where illegal drugs were being sold. Surveillance systems turn into quick and actionable intelligence, a far more effective way to identify and control drug dealers by analyzing hours or days of recorded video than by sending undercover officers on arduous and grueling operations.

In addition, data analytics is increasingly being used to detect errors by medical providers. This is part of the Opioid Fraud Detection Unit initiative, which was introduced by the US federal government earlier this year.

The role of technology in treating addicts cannot be overlooked, as their treatment is an integral part of the fight against drugs. Through their treatment, the demand for drugs decreases, and this is part of the fight.

Statistics show that more than 30 million people are addicted to drugs in the United States of America, which is the highest rate ever. For most people, professional treatment is the only way to overcome drug addiction, but not everyone seeks help, but thanks to technology, we are seeing not only more effective methods of treatment, but also more addicts willing to approach and try rehabilitation.

One of the reasons for the effectiveness of technology in rehabilitation is that adolescents and citizens in their twenties constitute the highest percentage of drug users. More than half of all drug users (54.1%) are under the age of 18, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health, and when you look at the statistics on people who use technology most often, the potential effectiveness of using technology to combat drug use makes sense. Research from the Pew Research Center shows that 91 percent of teens use the Internet daily and 71 percent use multiple social networks. This is due to the number of devices that teens own. Almost 75 percent of all teens own a smartphone and 94 percent use their smartphone to go online every day. Laptops and tablets are also very popular for a variety of applications and online activities.

Given that many adolescents use smartphones and connect to the Internet, there is a clear association between smartphone use and drug addiction. This is mostly attributed to peer pressure and negative advertising influences. So parents should be wary of possible signs of drug addiction.

Although technology is associated with, and may be implicated in, drug use, there have also been indications that technology could be a major player in the war on teenage drug use. The use of technology-assisted care is increasing in drug-treatment settings, and it is diverse.

Here are some of the ways in which treatment centers use technology to treat addicts

Treatments by electronic technology: A large part of the facility's treatment process involves the use of various therapies and the management of patient outcomes. The NIH has recently published several studies measuring the effectiveness of using computerized systems to augment personalized treatments, and they can help track treatments and create analytics that monitor patient progress.

There is also computer-based training, which uses learning modules and games to conduct cognitive behavioral therapy, and other psychological therapies that can retrain the brain to overcome addiction.

Thanks to the digital boom, media can be used to promote awareness of drug use and market treatment. It is unfortunate that the media is not used to its full potential in order to protect adolescents from the influence of drugs, although the media has the ability to educate these adolescents.

Smartphone applications: Teenagers often own their smartphones, and these useful devices can be used forever through apps. First of all, there are apps that can lead to drug abuse prevention because they act as learning hubs.

Then there are the apps that work as an aid in addiction recovery. There are programs that help follow a well-known approach to addiction relief, and can adapt any type of addiction and can help you track the progress of treatment for the addict, and other applications that help with meditation and positive thinking can also be used to avoid relapse [20].

And we find that there is a scientific revolution in the world of producing synthetic narcotic substances, and this presents great challenges for analyzing new synthetic drugs, represented in:

The entry of new substances into the drug market annually, 790 substances until the year 2020. Lack of documented analytical methods recommended method.

Difficulty obtaining standard reference samples for new materials. The great similarity in its chemical composition, which makes it difficult to list it.

Conclusion

As a result of these difficulties and challenges, an early warning system regarding drugs was developed, which can benefit from a multidisciplinary and inter-institutional network that allows the exchange of information between the main actors involved directly or indirectly in the field of drugs.

There are main functions of forensic laboratories for drug analysis in early warning systems, including:

• Detection and identification of new and known substances, as well as mixtures of these substances that pose a potential threat.
• Cooperate in improving analysis methods for new synthetic drugs or any other drugs. 3-Organizing and validating the information collected in the analysis results system.
• Identify the materials used in drug fraud.
• Determine the purity of the new narcotic substances.
• Providing information and analytical data on drugs, preparing them in a report and sending them to the main actors in the field of drugs within the country or between countries.

Recommendations

The most important recommendations are:

• The necessity of concerted efforts to limit the abused groups.
• Activates the law.
• Stimulating youth organizations to spread awareness of the dangers of drugs.

Other recommendations are:

• Launching awareness and education campaigns about the dangers of taking narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and their future effects on the people and the state.
• Enforcing the law and applying the penalties stipulated in the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50 of 2017. Calling for its amendment by the house of representatives in line with developments in the field of cultivation, production and drug abuse.

Through what has been mentioned, the recommendations will be divided into the following: First-at the local level:

At the level of employees:

• Developing the performance of workers in the field of crime control, and educating and training them on all that is new in the field of crime.
• Exchanging field experiences with developed countries by sending some employees to work and train there.
• Visiting specialized international exhibitions and learning about the best available technologies.
• Building specialized programs for the work of experts in various fields of crime.
• Educating the workers at the border crossings of all new forms and types of newly created drugs.

At the level of departments working in the field of crime control:

• Opening areas of cooperation between various departments of similar nature, and exchanging information related to crime and how to combat it.
• Sign partnership agreements between these departments in order to develop their work.
• Building creativity and innovation laboratories in these departments to develop work in combating crime.
• Establishing and developing forensic laboratories, and providing them with all modern technologies that help combat crime.
• Creating crime maps and linking them to the operating rooms and focusing on them.
• Benefiting from the United Nations Office for Drug Control to provide experts and professionals in the field of monitoring and drawing up policies and programs.

Second-at the international level:

On the bilateral side:

• Making bilateral agreements with relevant countries to benefit from their experience in the field of crime control.
• Activating the role of liaison officers between countries, and benefiting from them in this field.
• Exchanging information and judicial assistance among them.
• Activating controlled delivery in drug cases to control drug dealers.

On the collective side:

• Signing international agreements on combating crime and drugs.
• Participation in international programs to benefit from them in the field of crime control.
• Making visits of a criminal nature to developed countries to benefit from their expertise.
• Examine the best practices in raising awareness and treating addicts.
• Benchmarking with developed countries and benefiting from their experience.

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