Journal of Nanomedicine & Biotherapeutic Discovery
Open Access

Use of Polymeric Nano Particles in Drug Delivery

Rittick Rudra Mohapatra^{* *}Correspondence: Rittick Rudra Mohapatra, Department of Biological Engineering, Gandhi Institute for Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, Email:

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Description

Numerous innovations in medication delivery have been made in nanomedicine. The main goal of applying nanotechnology to the delivery and transportation of numerous promising therapeutics is to guarantee the delivery of drugs to their action sites, to maximize the pharmacological desired influence of treatments, and to overcome the obstacles posed by their shortcomings that would prevent the required effectiveness. The particles of the nano-range in size and significant impact on achievement were one of these uses.

In this little assessment, it was underlined how various elaboration approaches, fundamental design elements, and examples of wonderful success stories for these particulates related to this particular diversity of particulates. The almost insurmountable latterly described particles accepted and overcame obstacles like oral delivery probability for peptide moieties and enhancing the tough passage process of medications across the blood brain boundaries. Here they are the polymeric nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles have grown incredibly alluring for use in biology and medicine over the past ten years. They have the ability to alter the therapeutic effectiveness of entrapped medicines as well as their pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical characteristics.

Despite the fact that in practice structures up to 310 nm in size are included in this category and can be divided into many groups based on their morphology, size, content, and physicochemical properties, nanoparticles are technically defined as having less than 101 nm in size.

Colloidal systems made of organic or synthetic polymers make up polymer-based nanoparticles. They provide important advantages over other nanocarriers including liposomes, micelles, and inorganic nanosystems and take into account the manufacturing process's GMP-compliant scale-up potential. The significant stability of polymeric nanoparticles in biological fluids, the abundance of different polymers, and the ability to functionalize the surfaces and control polymer degradation, and the leakage of the entrapped compound in response to specific stimuli are additional peculiarities of polymeric nanoparticles.

Ideal polymeric carrier for nanoparticles

The following qualities make a polymeric carrier excellent for nanoparticles: inexpensive, simple to synthesise, and easy to characterise Biodegradable, biocompatible water-soluble, nontoxic, and immunogenic. The following polymers are used to make nanoparticles, hydrophilic natural polymers and hydrophobic synthetic polymers:

Natural hydrophilic polymer: Polysaccharides (alginate, dextran, chitosan, agarose, and pullulan) and proteins (gelatine, albumin, lecithin, legumin, and vicillin) that are naturally hydrophilic are frequently utilised. However, these polymers have some drawbacks such poor batch-to-batch reproductivity, the unique circumstances surrounding their decomposition, and probable antigenicity.

Hydrophobic synthetic polymers: They can be split into two categories i.e Poly (alkyl cyanoacrylates) (poly (isobutyl cyanoacrylates), poly (butylcyanoacrylates), and poly methyl (methcyanoacrylates) are included in the second group. The first group consists of polyesters (poly (€ -caprolactone), poly (lactic acid), poly (lactide-co-glycolide), and polystyrene.

Polymeric nanoparticles for oncology treatment

By overcoming the current constraints in conventional chemotherapy, such as suboptimal biodistribution, cancer cell drug resistance, and severe systemic adverse effects, nanotechnological intervention has significantly altered the treatment of cancer. Due to their passive and ligand-based targeting methods, nanoparticles (NPs) are able to preferentially accumulate in the tumour site. Passive targeting and ligand-based targeting are the two main ways that NPs might deliver an anticancer medication to the target tissue. It has been extensively researched to use polymeric NPs, polymer micelles, dendrimers, polymersomes, polyplexes, polymer-lipid hybrid systems, and polymer-drug/protein conjugates in the field of polymer-based nanomedicine, which aims to increase the effectiveness of cancer therapies. Its versatility comes from the wide range of chemical modifications that can be made to the polymer to create the desired build. Many polymer-based therapeutic NPs have received clinical use approval.