Type 4 Cardiorenal Syndrome: Myocardial Dysfunction, Fibrosis, and Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Timothy Larsen¹, Karthiek Narala² and Peter A. McCullough³

¹Providence Hospital and Medical Centers, Southfield, USA, E-mail: timothy.larsen@stjohn.org

²St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Detroit, USA, E-mail: timothy.larsen@stjohn.org

³St. John Providence Health System, Warren, MI, USA, E-mail: timothy.larsen@stjohn.org

Introduction