Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive Medicine
Open Access

The Effect of Vaccination and Herbal Products on Typhoid Fever

Clarisse Marchal^{* *}Correspondence: Clarisse Marchal, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Tanta, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, Email:

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About the Study

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S Typhi), which is believed to be the cause of 9 million illnesses and 110,000 fatalities worldwide each year. In regions with inadequate infrastructure for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH), typhoid fever is endemic. If untreated, 10%–15% of patients may experience serious consequences; these difficulties are brought on by insufficient diagnostic tools and the prevalence of strains that are resistant to antibiotics, which complicate clinical care and, ultimately, prognosis [1]. Acutely infected individuals and asymptomatic chronic carriers both contribute to ongoing transmission by shedding the pathogen in the stool. Almost 93% of S. Typhi strains have developed resistance to the majority of drugs. The only effective method for preventing typhoid illness is vaccination.

The high morbidity and death rates of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income nations highlight the need for an integrated control strategy, which might eventually result in the disease's eradication in the twenty-first century. Even though typhoid fever is a prevalent disease in Indonesia, there aren't many cases of it that also have sepsis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the cause of typhoid fever in humans, causes the Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells to produce a number of cytokines following exposure. The ability of cytokine-secreting MAIT cells to increase or decrease the clinical severity of bacterial infections is still up for debate [2]. In participants taking part in a S. Typhi human challenge model, the human MAIT cell is functional.

Here, the MAIT cells have distinctive functional characteristics linked to typhoid fever defence. Results of typhoid fever are better predicted by the cytokine patterns of MAIT cell responses than by the average level of cytokine expression. Fluoroquinolone Non-Susceptibility (FQNS) and multidrug resistance are significant issues with the epidemiology and management of typhoid fever. In place of conventional medications, herbal remedies are now being used to treat drugresistant and newly developing multidrug-resistant microbiological strains of a variety of illnesses, including typhoid fever [3]. In Ghana, typhoid fever has been successfully treated for at least 20 years with the herbal decoction MA 001, produced by the Centre for Plant Medicine Research (CPMR).

Citrus aurantifolia, Spondias mombin, Latana camara, Bidens pilosa, Trema occidentalis, Psidium guajava, Morinda lucida, Vernonia amygdalina, Persea americana, Paulina pinnatta, Momordia charantia, and Cnestis ferruguinea are among the medicinal plants included in the formulation of MA 001. The decoction's bulky form, limited palatability, and low compliance to therapy make it difficult to use it to its full potential. In order to enhance MA 001 administration, boost patient compliance, and facilitate product handling, this study set out to develop and synthesis the therapeutic components of the aqueous herbal decoction into an ideal solid dose form of effervescent granules. Pre-formulation research on the acceptability of effervescent vehicles, formulation, and high performance liquid chromatography analytical assessment of effervescent granules for medication excipient interactions were the procedures used [4].

Conclusion

The results show that there was little herbal extract-excipient interaction, making the effervescent granules appropriate for use in the administration of medicinal ingredients for the treatment of salmonella as done with the decoction. For proper medical care, laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever is necessary. Blood cultures are a common test for typhoid fever diagnosis, although in endemic regions, well-equipped diagnostic facilities to produce blood cultures are seldom accessible. Here, two diagnostic field tests were compared to blood cultures in individuals with clinically confirmed typhoid fever: the latex agglutination Dri- Dot assay and the IgM Lateral Flow assay. For samples obtained at the time of the first diagnosis, the Dri-Dot had a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 86.3%. IgM Lateral Flow sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 71.8%, respectively. The poor sensitivity of these serologic tests at the earliest stage of the illness is a significant restriction.

References

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