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Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive Medicine

Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive Medicine
Open Access

ISSN: 2329-8731

+44 1300 500008

Research Article - (2021)Volume 9, Issue 11

Retrospective Evaluation of the Toxoplasmosis Seroepidemiology among Women of Productive Age and Infants in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Raafat Abdel Moneim Hassanein1,2, Saeed M Kabrah1*, Waslallah Saad Almatery1,3, Ameer Ahmed Alahmadi1, Mohammed Othman Alkurbi1, Eslam Ahmed Header4, El-Sayed Hamed Bakr1,4 and Mohammed Saad Almatery5
 
*Correspondence: Saeed M Kabrah, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia, Email:

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Abstract

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis in women in productive age and infant can be life-threatening. The information needed for proper control and management strategies in Saudi Arabia is lacking; hence our retrospective study was achieved.

Aim: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii amongst women of productive age, baby boys, baby girls, baby boy twins and baby girl twins in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii amongst women of productive age, baby boys, baby girls, baby boy twins and baby girl twins in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia.

Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records among women of productive age, baby boys and baby girlslooking for health care in King Fahad Hospital, King Abdulaziz Hospital and East Jeddah Hospital. The study was directed between January 2019 and March 2021. Data on anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were composed via a structured pre-design questioner and verified using Excel spreadsheets, then exported and analyzed using the SPSS Statistics.

Results: These studies considered 2955 cases and an overall seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were 16.3% (483/2955) and 15.50% (378/2433) in women of reproductive age looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals. Belong to anti-T. gondii IgM 1.5% (44/2955), anti-T. gondii IgG+IgM-15.2% (448/2955), anti-T. gondii IgGIgM+ 0.9% (28/2955) and anti-T. gondii IgG-IgM-82.8% (2448/2955) in the study area. The seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG among baby boys was 20.60% (59/286), baby girls 18.80% (40/213), baby boy twins 42.90% (3/7), baby girl twins 18.80% (3/16).

Conclusion: Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma IgG antibodies in productive age women was little in Jeddah if equated with Asian, African, American nations as well as with other portions of the Arabian Peninsula. The large proportion of Toxoplasma seronegative, non-immune women in the current study, 83.60% (2033/2433), is quite alarming due to the potential risk of Toxoplasmosis in productive age women.

Keywords

Toxoplasmosis; Retrospective; Seroprevalence; Statistics

Introduction

Toxoplasmosis is caused by T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded mammals, including humans. Ingestion of undercooked or raw meat harboring tissue cysts or oocyst contaminated food or water or unwashed vegetables causing the Toxoplasma infection to human [1]. Transmission may also occur through tachyzoites in transfused blood, tissue transplants, or raw milk. Oocytes excreted in the feces of infected cats or contact with cat litter or soil. Severe complications of toxoplasmosis, such as encephalitis, can occur in immunocompromised patient. Moreover, ocular toxoplasmosis, particularly retinochoroiditis [2]. Maternal infection toxoplasmosis was reported low: 3.7% in Korea [3] while prevalence is as high as 53.1% in Kuwait [4]. In the American continent, the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was 77.5% in Brazil [5] and 63.5% in Colombia [6]. More recently, it has been recommended that total fertility rates be shown by age 15-49 years; consequently, women of reproductive age refer to all women aged 15-49 years [7].

The valuation of the immunologicgrade of the mothers is always not simple. It may necessitate additional-level assessments such as IgG avidity. Usually, for toxoplasma, a first assessment is achieved as soon as probable after the pregnancy analysis and then monthly repeated, in all negative women. Women with IgG and absence of IgM antibodies at first assessment don’t usually undertake any other tests, demonstrating toxoplasma infection for more than one year (Immune women) while nonimmune women: Absence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies. If IgG and IgM antibodies are both presents at the first test, second level assessments are usually achieved (IgG avidity) to evaluate, the timing of infection. Women with the presence of IgM and absence of IgG antibodies, possible acute infection or false positive IgM reaction thus need retest after two weeks, and the same result designates false positive but positive IgG in the second response indicate acute infection [8].

Even though toxoplasmosis is one of the dangerous diseases distributed worldwide, there is scarce information on the prevalence and epidemiology of the disease in the Arabian Gulf countries. Only a few studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of T. gondii in Saudi Arabia, including studies carried out in Riyadh, the Eastern region, Jeddah and Jazan, South Western region [9-14].

Our study aims to analyze the immunological status in women of productive age, baby boys, baby girls, baby boy twins and baby girl twins for Toxoplasma, assessing the risk for congenital infection in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia for three years.

Materials and Methods

Study area

This study was conducted in Jeddah, which is the largest city in Makkah Province. With a population of about 4,697,000 people as of 2021, situated on the Red Sea coast. Like most coastal towns, it is highly populated with cats.

Study design and participants

This study is a hospital-based retrospective study conducted among women of productive age, baby boys, baby girls, baby boy twins and baby girl twins and looking for health care in King Fahad Hospital, King Abdulaziz Hospital, and East Jeddah Hospital in Jeddah city during the period between January 2019 and March 2021.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Ministry of Heath, Directory of heath affairs, Jeddah (1462).

Sample size calculation and data gathering

Information was composed via pre-design questionnaire collected of 25 requests linking to demographic and medical information. Information on anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were also collected from each study subject.

A total of 2955 hosts were considered in this analysis. They comprised (2433) women of productive age, (286) baby boys, (213) baby girls, (7) baby boy twins, and (13) baby girl twins.

Information managing and analysis

Information collected through this study was arrived at the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al Qura University. Data were verified using Excel spreadsheets and analyzed using the SPSS software (version 26.0). Variables include Location (King Fahad hospital, King Abdulaziz hospital and East Jeddah hospital in Jeddah city), date (2019-2021G), Cases (women of productive age, baby boys, baby girls, baby boy twins, and baby girl twins), baby boys 0-2 years, baby girls 0-2 years, baby boy twins and baby girl twins), anti-Toxoplasma IgG (latent toxoplasmosis), anti-Toxoplasma IgM (active toxoplasmosis), anti-Toxoplasma IgG+IgM-, anti-Toxoplasma IgG-IgM+, anti-Toxoplasma IgG+IgM+, and anti-Toxoplasma IgG- IgM-. P Value <0.05 was used to designate statistical consequence.

Results

Characteristics of the study cases

All women were in the age group of 15-49 years belong to productive age and fertility.

Prevalence of IgG and IgM antibody responses

These studies considered 2955 hosts. Out of the 2955 cases examined for seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG, 483 (16.3%) and 44 (1.5% %) were positive for Toxoplasma IgM. anti-T. gondii IgG+IgM-15.2% (448/2955), anti-T. gondii IgG-IgM+ 0.9% (28/2955) (Table 1).

Results T. gondii IgG T. gondii IgM T. gondii IgG+IgM- T. gondii IgG-IgM+ T. gondii IgG+IgM+ T. gondii IgG-IgM-
Seroprevalence % Seroprevalence % Seroprevalence % Seroprevalence % Seroprevalence % Seroprevalence %
Positive 483 16.3 44 1.5 448 15.2 28 0.9 13 0.4 2448 82.8
Negative 2472 83.7 2911 98.5 2507 84.8 2927 99.1 2942 99.6 507 17.2
Total 2955 100 2955 100 2955 100 2955 100 2955 100 2955 100

Table 1: Seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG among cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals.

Tables 2 and 3 show the absence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies among the majority of cases, 82.8% (2448/2955); consequently, they had been exposed to infection with T. gondii.

Date T. gondii IgG Total
Positive Negative
2019 Cases Women 158 (24.90%) 476 (75.10%) 634
Baby boy 22 (26.80%) 60 (73.20%) 82
Baby girl 9 (12.70%) 62 (87.30%) 71
Baby girl (Twin) 2 (66.70% 1 (33.30%) 3
Total 191 (24.20%) 599 (75.80%) 790
2020 Cases Women 164 (13.90%) 1015 (86.10%) 1179
Baby boys 32 (19.20%) 135 (80.80%) 167
Baby girls 20 (21.70%) 72 (78.30%) 92
Baby boys (Twin) 3 (42.90%) 4 (57.10%) 7
Baby girls (Twin) 1 (7.70%) 12 (92.30%) 13
Total 220 (15.10%) 1238 (84.90%) 1458
2021 Cases Women 56 (9.00%) 564 (91.00%) 620
Baby boys 5 (13.50%) 32 (86.50%) 37
Baby girls 11 (22.00%) 39 (78.00%) 50
Total 72 (10.20%) 635 (89.80%) 707
Total Cases Women 378 (15.50%) 2055 (84.50%) 2433
Baby boys 59 (20.60%) 227 (79.40%) 286
Baby girls 40 (18.80%) 173 (81.20%) 213
Baby boy (Twins) 3 (42.90%) 4 (57.10%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 3 (18.80%) 13 (81.30%) 16
Total 483 (16.30%) 2472 (83.70%) 2955

Table 2: Seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG among various cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals.

Date T. gondii IgM Total
Positive Negative
2019 Cases Women 16 (2.50%) 618 (97.50%) 634
Baby boy 1 (1.20%) 81 (98.80%) 82
Baby girl 0 (0.00%) 71 (100.00%) 71
Baby girl (Twin) 0 (0.00%) 3 (100.00%) 3
Total 17 (2.20%) 773 (97.80%) 790
2020 Cases Women 22 (1.90%) 1157 (98.10%) 1179
Baby boys 0 (0.00%) 167 (100.00%) 167
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 92 (100.00%) 92
Baby boy (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 7 (100.00%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 13 (100.00%) 13
Total 22 (1.50%) 1436 (98.50%) 1458
2021 Cases Women 5 (0.80%) 615 (99.20%) 620
Baby boys 0 (0.00%) 37 (100.00%) 37
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 50 (100.00%) 50
Total 5 (0.70%) 702 (99.30%) 707
Total Cases Women 43 (1.80%) 2390 (98.20%) 2433
Baby boys 1 (0.30%) 285 (99.70%) 286
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 213 (100.00%) 213
Baby boy (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 7 (100.00%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 16 (100.00%) 16
Total 44 (1.50%) 2911 (98.50%) 2955

Table 3: Seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG among various cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals.

Heterogeneity and seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in infants

The seroprevalence of infants with anti-T. gondii IgG among baby boys was 20.60% (59/286), baby girls 18.80% (40/213), baby boy twins 42.90% (3/7), baby girl twins 18.80% (3/16). Only one baby boy was 0.30% (1/286) anti-T. gondii IgM (Table 2).

Heterogeneity and seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in various years

The seroprevalence anti-T. gondii IgG 24.20% (191/790) among cases in Jeddah city in 2019, 15.10% 9220/1458) in 2020 while in 2021, 10.20% (72/707) (Table 2). The seroprevalence anti-T. gondii IgM 2.20% (17/790) among cases in Jeddah city in 2019, 1.50% 22/1458) in 2020 while in 2021, 0.70% (5/707) (Table 3). There is a significant difference when the seropositivity was compared within the case groups (p<0.05) among cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals for three years showed a relationship with anti-T. gondii antibodies IgG.

The presence of IgG and absence of IgM antibodies documented in 15.2% (448/2955) among cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals (Tables 2-4). The presence of IgM and absence of IgG antibodies were 0.9% (28/2955).

Date T. gondii IgG+IgM- Total
Positive Negative
2019 Cases Women 140 (22.10%) 494 (77.90%) 634
Baby boy 22 (26.80%) 60 (73.20%) 82
Baby girl 8 (11.30%) 63 (88.70%) 71
Baby girl (Twins) 2 (66.70%) 1 (33.30%) 3
Total 172 (21.80%) 618 (78.20%) 790
2020 Cases Women 150 (12.70%) 1029 (87.30%) 1179
Baby boys 32 (19.20%) 135 (80.80%) 167
Baby girls 20 (21.70%) 72 (78.30%) 92
Baby boy (Twins) 3 (42.90%) 4 (57.10%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 1 (7.70%) 12 (92.30%) 13
Total 206 (14.10%) 1252 (85.90%) 1458
2021 Cases Women 54 (8.70%) 566 (91.30%) 620
Baby boys 5 (13.50%) 32 (86.50%) 37
Baby girls 11 (22.00%) 39 (78.00%) 50
Total 70 (9.90%) 637 (990.10%) 707
Total Cases Women 344 (14.10%) 2089 (85.90%) 2433
Baby boys 59 (20.60%) 227 (79.40%) 286
Baby girls 39 (18.30%) 174 (81.70%) 213
Baby boy (Twins) 3 (42.90%) 4 (57.10%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 3 (18.80%) 13 (981.30%) 16
Total 448 (15.20%) 2507 (84.80%) 2955

Table 4: Seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG+IgM- among various cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals.

Table 5 showed that IgG and IgM antibodies are both present among 0.4% (13/2955) cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals. Absence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies showed in Table 6 among 82.8% (2448/2955) cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals.

Date T. gondii IgG-IgM+ Total
Positive Negative
2019 Cases Women 13 (2.10%) 621 (97.90%) 634
Baby boys 1 (1.20%) 81 (98.80%) 82
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 71 (100.00%) 71
Baby girl (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 3 (100.00%) 3
Total 14 (1.80%) 776 (98.20%) 790
2020 Cases Women 10 (0.80%) 1169 (99.20%) 1179
Baby boys 0 (0.00%) 167 (100.00%) 167
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 92 (100.00%) 92
Baby boy (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 7 (100.00%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 13 (100.00%) 13
Total 10 (0.70%) 1448 (99.30%) 1458
2021 Cases Women 4 (0.60%) 616 (99.40%) 620
Baby boys 0 (0.00%) 37 (100.00%) 37
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 50 (100.00%) 50
Total 4 (0.60%) 703 (99.40%) 707
Total Cases Women 27 (1.10%) 2406 (98.90%) 2433
Baby boys 1 (0.30%) 285 (99.70%) 286
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 213 (100.00%) 213
Baby boy (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 7 (100.00%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 16 (100.00%) 16
Total 28 (0.90%) 2927 (99.10%) 2955

Table 5: Seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG-IgM+ among various cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals.

Date T. gondii IgG+IgM+ Total
Positive Negative
2019 Cases Women 3 (0.30%) 631 (99.50%) 634
Baby boys 0 (0.00%) 82 (100.00%) 82
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 71 (100.00%) 71
Baby girl (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 3 (100.00%) 3
Total 3 (0.30%) 787 (99.60%) 790
2020 Cases Women 9 (0.80%) 1170 (99.20%) 1179
Baby boys 0 (0.00%) 167 (100.00%) 167
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 92 (100.00%) 92
Baby boy (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 7 (100.00%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 0 (0.00% 13 (100.00% 13
Total 9 (0.60%) 1449 (99.40%) 1458
2021 Cases Women 1 (0.20%) 619 (99.80%) 620
Baby boys 0 (0.00%) 37 (100.00%) 37
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 50 (100.00%0 50
Total 1 (0.10%) 706 (99.90%) 707
Total Cases Women 13 (0.50%) 2420 (999.50%) 2433
Baby boys 0 (0.00%) 286 (100.00%) 286
Baby girls 0 (0.00%) 213 (100.00%) 213
Baby boy (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 7 (100.00%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 0 (0.00%) 16 (100.00%) 16
Total 13 (0.40%) 2942 (99.60%) 2955

Table 6 : Seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG+IgM+ among various cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals.

Anti-Toxoplasma IgG seropositivity was 15.50% (378/2433) among women of productive age, 20.60% (59/286) in baby boys, 18.80% (40/213) in baby girls, 42.90% (3/7) in baby boy twins, 18.80% (3/18) in baby girl twins seeking healthcare in Jeddah hospitals, Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia (Table 3).

Cases seeking healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals for three years showed an association with anti-T. gondii antibodies IgG, there is an important difference when the seropositivity was equated inside the case clusters (p< 0.05).

Anti-Toxoplasma IgM seropositivity was 1.80% (43/2433) among women of productive age and 0.30% (1/286) in baby boys looking for healthcare in Jeddah hospitals, Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia (Table 4).

Presence of IgG and absence of IgM antibodies documented among 14.10% (344/2433) women of reproductive age, 20.60% (59/286) in baby boys, 18.30% (39/213) in baby girls, 42.90% (3/7) in baby boy twins, 18.80% (3/16) baby girl twins (Table 4).

Cases seeking healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals showed an association with anti-T. gondii antibodies IgG+IgM-, here is a significant difference when the seropositivity was equated inside the case clusters (p< 0.005).

1.10% (27/2433) women of productive age tested positive IgM and negative IgG as well as 0.30% (1/286) baby boys (Table 5).

Table 6 showed that IgG and IgM antibodies are both present among 0.50% (13/2433) women of reproductive age. Absence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies showed in Table 7 among 83.60% (2033/2433) women of productive age, 78.70% (225/286) in baby boys, 81.20% (173/213) in baby girls, 57.10% (4/7) in baby boy twins, 81.30% (13/16) in baby girl twins. Cases seeking healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals for three years showed an association with anti-T. gondii antibodies IgG-IgM-, here is a significant difference when the seropositivity was likened inside the case clusters (p< 0.05).

Date T. gondii IgG-IgM- Total
Positive Negative
2019 Cases Women 469 (74.00%) 165 (26.00%) 634
Baby boys 61 (74.40%) 21 (25.60%) 82
Baby girls 63 (88.70%) 8 (11.30%) 71
Baby girl (Twins) 1 (33.30%) 2 (66.70%) 3
Total 594 (75.20%) 196 (24.80%) 790
2020 Cases Women 1003 (85.10%) 176 (14.90%) 1179
Baby boys 133 (79.60%) 34 (20.40%) 167
Baby girls 71 (77.20%) 21 (22.80%) 92
Baby boy (Twins) 4 (57.10%) 3 (42.90%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 12 (92.30%) 1 (7.70%) 13
Total 1223 (83.90%) 235 (16.10%) 1458
2021 Cases Women 561 (90.50%) 59 (9.50%) 620
Baby boys 31 (83.80%) 6 (16.20%) 37
Baby girls 39 (78.00%) 11 (22.00%) 50
Total 631 (89.30%) 76 (10.70%) 707
Total Cases Women 2033 (83.60%) 400 (16.40%) 2433
Baby boys 225 (78.70%) 61 (21.30%) 286
Baby girls 173 (81.20%) 40 (18.80%) 213
Baby boy (Twins) 4 (57.10%) 3 (42.90%) 7
Baby girl (Twins) 13 (81.30%) 3 (18.80%) 16
Total 2448 (82.80%) 507 (17.20%) 2955

Table 7: Seroprevalence of T. gondii IgG-IgM- among various cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals.

Discussion

Toxoplasmosis is a global zoonotic intracellular parasite. In the current study, we report the seroprevalence of T. gondii among Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia, among women of productive age, baby boys and baby girls. It considered 2955 hosts and an overall seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were 16.3% (483/2955) while the global IgG seroprevalence was 32.9%, the Americas had the highest prevalence (45.2%), and Western Pacific the lowest (11.2%) [15].

The present study revealed that the seroprevalence rate of anti- Toxoplasma IgG among women of reproductive age looking for healthcare in Jeddah city was 15.50 %. This rate is nearly consistent with those reported among pregnant women in Italy (17.97%) [8] but lower than those reported among pregnant women looking for healthcare in different regions of Saudi Arabia including Riyadh, 22.4% (81/362) [9], Jeddah, 61.4% (43/70) [12], and Jazan Province 20.0% (39/195) [13]. At the regional level, Egypt (30.2%- 67.5%) [15,16], Iraq (31.5%) [17], Morocco (50.6%) [18] and Kuwait (53.1%) [4]. Variations in T. gondii seroprevalence between different countries could be attributed to climate environments among diverse parts as the accomplishment of oocysts sporulation improved in warmer and wetting areas, differences in cultural and socioeconomic factors as well as hygienic and feeding habits, adopting different serological detection methods in the variations in the seroprevalence rates [19].

The seroprevalence anti-T. gondii IgG 24.20% (191/790) among cases in Jeddah city in 2019, 15.10% 9220/1458) in 2020 while in 2021, 10.20% (72/707) while seroprevalence anti-T. gondii IgM 2.20% (17/790) among cases in Jeddah city in 2019, 1.50% 22/1458) in 2020 while in 2021, 0.70% (5/707). The current results lower than the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG reported from Yemen (41.9%-43.7%) in studies conducted between the years 2007 and 2011 [20, 21]. Belong to 2021, our data collected only for three months from January to Marsh while whole years for 2019 and 2020.

Cases with IgG and absence of IgM antibodies at first evaluation don't usually undergo any other tests, indicating toxoplasma infection for more than one year [8]. In the current study, the presence of IgG and absence of IgM antibodies documented among 15.2% (448/2955) among cases seeking healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals and expressed as immune population.

In the present study, the overall seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were 1.5% (44/2955) while the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgM in productive age women 1.80% (43/2433). It is nearly consistent with the global IgM seroprevalence was 1.9%. On the other hand, Aqeely et al., reported that IgM seropositivity was 6.2% (12/195) in pregnant women in Jazan province. At the regional level, Eastern Mediterranean had the highest IgM seroprevalence (4.1%), and The Americas, the lowest (1.1%) [13,15].

Low IgM seropositivity rate (1.80%) among women of productive age in the current study is nearly consistent with the low rate of 3.3% among pregnant women in countryside areas of Taiz [22] and lower than those reported among 9.1% of pregnant women in Sana'a city, the capital of Yemen [20].

In the current study, cases with the presence of IgM and absence of IgG antibodies detected in 0.9% (28/2955). Puccio et al., reported that possible acute infection or false positive IgM reaction thus need retest after two weeks; the same result indicates false positive but positive IgG in the second reaction indicates acute infection in the mentioned case [8].

If IgG and IgM antibodies are together presenting at the first evaluation, additional assessments are usually achieved (IgG avidity) to evaluate, the timing of infection [11]. In the current study, IgG and IgM antibodies are both present at 13/2955 (0.4%) among cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals, while the absence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies as nonimmune cases detected among 82.8% (2448/2955).

The absence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies in the current study among 82.8% (2448/2955) cases looking for healthcare in Jeddah city hospitals. In addition, 83.60% (2033/2433) women of productive age. In detail, the huge amount of Toxoplasma seronegative, nonimmune women in the current study is relatively shocking because of the probable hazard of Toxoplasmosis in productive age women, which can prime to congenital toxoplasmosis [23]. In the current study, the prevalence of infants with anti-T. gondii IgG among baby boys was 20.60% (59/286), baby girl 18.80% (40/213), and only one baby boys were 0.30% (1/286) anti-T. gondii IgM (active toxoplasmosis).

In the current study, the baby boys were observed with a slightly higher prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG 20.60% (59/286) compared to baby girls 18.80% (40/213), and only one baby boy was 0.30% (1/286) anti-T. gondii IgM. As IgM is considered an indicator for recent/active infection [13], our information respect that vigorous cases are rare and lower than inactive infections.

Serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis providing high sensitivity, but specificity wide-ranging liable on the examination used and false-positive IgM anti-Toxoplasma outcomes. The organ transplantation, leukemia and T-cell deficiency affected immunity led to false-serodiagnosis [24]. But even true positive results must be cautiously understood as IgM antibodies might persevere for one year after toxoplasmosis treatment. Initial diagnosis of T. gondii in pregnancy must be upgraded by resolve of anti-Toxoplasma IgG avidity to discriminate former and current toxoplasmosis [12].

PCR of amniotic fluid was valuable to verify or invalidate fetal toxoplasmosis or distinguish infection in lymphadenopathy. B1 the 35-fold repetitive gene evidenced valued PCR goal for T. gondii recognition [25]. Quick and reliable judgment of toxoplasmosis is an essential. Grouping of PCR-positive outcome and ELISA-IgG- positive outcome verified the current infection [12]. However, this study provides insight into the seroprevalence of T. gondii and may serve as a reference paper to implement control measures among the individuals in Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion

Only 15.50% of productive age women looking for healthcare in Jeddah are seropositive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG. This designates that most productive age women are non-immune and had been exposed to infection with T. gondii, as evidenced by their seronegative status where anti-Toxoplasma IgG-IgM-antibodies 83.60% (2033/2433). In addition, IgM seropositivity rate (1.80%) of productive age women indicates the possibility of active toxoplasmosis.

The high seronegative anti-Toxoplasma IgG-IgM-antibodies demands the application of health education agendas and prenatal screening as preventive strategies against toxoplasmosis in productive age women, which may pose a probable hazard for congenital toxoplasmosis.

The assessment of the immunological status of the mothers may necessitate second level examinations such as IgG avidity, Immunoblotting, PCR, particularly when the situation is not pure at first assessment.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation for the staff members of the King Fahad Hospital, King Abdulaziz Hospital and East Jeddah Hospital in Jeddah city, KSA for their assistance in data collection.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of on human research from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Ministry of Heath, Directory of heath affairs, Jeddah (1462).

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Author Info

Raafat Abdel Moneim Hassanein1,2, Saeed M Kabrah1*, Waslallah Saad Almatery1,3, Ameer Ahmed Alahmadi1, Mohammed Othman Alkurbi1, Eslam Ahmed Header4, El-Sayed Hamed Bakr1,4 and Mohammed Saad Almatery5
 
1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Umem Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
2Department of Zoonoses, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
3Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
4Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Minoufiya University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt
5Nursing Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
 

Citation: Hassanein RAM, Kabrah SM, Almatery WS, Alahmadi AA, Alkurbi MO, Header EA, et al. (2021) Retrospective Evaluation of the Toxoplasmosis Seroepidemiology among Women of Productive Age and Infants in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Dis Prev Med. 9: 249.

Received: 03-Dec-2021 Accepted: 17-Dec-2021 Published: 24-Dec-2021

Copyright: © 2021 Hassanein RAM, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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