Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive Medicine
Open Access

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccinations for Patients with Invasive Pneumococcal Disease

Miyo Katerina^{* *}Correspondence: Miyo Katerina, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Email:

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About the Study

Pneumococcal disease is defined as any infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, generally known as pneumococcus. Pneumococcal illness is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia and invasion bacterial disease in children worldwide. It is undefined why specific pneumococcal strains are more prone to cause illness, and how treatments such as immunizations and medicines alter pneumococcal strains. Using the analysis of pneumococcal whole-genome sequences, we hoped to uncover genetic areas under selective pressure and those linked with illness. Infections caused by pneumococcal bacteria can vary between ear and sinus infection to lung and bloodstream diseases. Pneumococcal illness can be prevented using vaccinations. Pneumococcal infection symptoms include fever and chills, coughs, fast breathing or trouble breathing, and chest discomfort.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines include polysaccharides from seven serotypes, which represent 65%-80% of the serotypes linked with invasive pneumococcal illness in young infants in Western industrialized nations. Polysaccharides are attached to a carrier protein, making them more immunogenic and helpful in defending against infection, especially in young infants under the age of two. Additionally, the vaccination protects both against systemic and mucosal infection, as well as nasopharyngeal colonisation, limiting community transmission. By direct and indirect protection, the inclusion of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) towards the United States (US) federal vaccination programme resulted in considerable decreases in incidence, mortality, and related sequelae induced by Pneumococcal Disease (PD) in both children and adults. Nonetheless, the clinical and economic burden of Parkinson's Disease (PD) caused by serotypes generates active immunization against 13 distinct serotypes of S. pneumoniae upon vaccination and provides protection from pneumococcal illness. To overcome this unmet demand, 15-valent PCV (PCV15) and 20- valent PCV (PCV20), which contain additional serotypes to PCV13, were recently authorized for adults in the United States and are expected to be authorized for children in the near future.

The researcher's intent was to estimate the yearly number of cases, fatalities, and economic burden of Parkinson's disease caused by PCV13, PCV15, and PCV20 serotypes in both paediatric and adult populations in the United States. An Excelbased model was created to evaluate clinical and economic outcomes based on reported age-group specific serotype coverage; the prevalence of invasive Parkinson's disease, communityacquired pneumonia, and chronic otitis media, case fatality rates and illness-related expenses. According to the findings, the expected yearly PD cases and associated deaths guaranteed by PCV13 serogroups are 914,199 and 4320, correspondingly, across all age groups. In comparison to PCV13 serotypes, the additional 2 and 7 serotypes covered by PCV15 and PCV20 were associated with 550,475 and 991,220 yearly PD cases, respectively, as well as 1425 and 3226 annual fatalities.

Conclusion

Such clinical burden translates into significant economic expenses ranging between $903 to $1,928 million USD, which PCV15 and PCV20 might possibly address. The extra serotypes in PCV20 contribute significantly towards the clinical and economic burden of Parkinson's disease in paediatric and adult populations in the United States. Notwithstanding the success of the PCV13 paediatric national vaccination programme and rising adult adoption of PCV13 and 23-valent polysaccharides vaccines, greater PCV serotype coverage across all ages is required to lower pneumococcal disease burden further.

Until recently, medications could effectively treat pneumococcal infections; nevertheless, several pneumococcal bacteria are developing resistant to routinely used antibiotics, making treatment more challenging. As a result, rather than relying on antibiotic therapy after infection, it is preferable to avoid pneumococcal infections by immunization.