Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive Medicine
Open Access

Impact and Risk Factors for Pneumococcal Disease

Mahendra Kumar^{* *}Correspondence: Mahendra Kumar, Department of Microbiology, University of Anna, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Email:

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About the Study

Streptococcus pneumoniae infection causes Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD).Using temporal trend analysis; this investigates the impact of COVID-19 on IPD incidence in Japan. And discovered that after the development of COVID-19, the IPD trend altered substantially; initially, the number of IPD patients reduced. Second, the seasonality of IPD vanished with the COVID-19 pandemic. Surprisingly, the frequency of IPD instances rose between COVID-19 waves. Pneumococcal illness is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia and invasive bacterial disease in children worldwide.

It is unclear why specific pneumococcal strains are more prone to cause illness, and how treatments such as immunizations and medicines alter pneumococcal strains. In patients with inflammatory disorders treated with immuno suppressants and biotherapies, pneumococcal infections are common and possibly fatal. National immunization guidelines apply to this patient population, which is regarded to be at very high risk of infection. The primary goal of this study was to analyse pneumococcal vaccination coverage in a day hospital (internal medicine and vascular disease) among immuno compromised patients.

Pneumococcal illness is a primary cause of death in children under the age of five. The majority of pneumococcal illness occurs within the first six months of life, before protection from a full schedule of direct vaccination is achievable. Maternal pneumococcal immunization has been advocated as a method for early children protection; nevertheless, clinical trial evidence is inadequate. To evaluate the impact of maternal pneumococcal immunization, the researchers used an age-structured compartmental mathematical model. The model shows that maternal pneumococcal immunization might prevent 73%(range 49-88%) of cases in infants aged 1 month and 55% (range 36-66%) of cases in infants aged 1-2 months.

This equates to a 17% reduction in fatalities owing to invasive pneumococcal illness in children under the age of five. Overall, this study shows that maternal pneumococcal immunization has the potential to significantly reduce the burden of baby pneumococcal illness, supporting the argument for adequate field-based clinical investigations. Through direct and indirect protection, the inclusion of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) to the United States (US) national vaccination programme resulted in considerable decreases in incidence, mortality, and related sequelae caused by Pneumococcal Disease (PD) in children and adults. However, the clinical and economic burden of Parkinson's Disease (PD) caused by serotypes not covered in the current 13-valent PCV (PCV13) formulation continues. To address this unmet demand, 15-valent PCV (PCV15) and 20-valent PCV (PCV20), which contain additional serotypes to PCV13, were recently authorized for adults in the United States and are expected to be approved for children in the near future.

The primary goal was to calculate the yearly incidence of PD caused by serotypes found in PCV13, PCV15, and PCV20 for both US pediatric and adult populations. Using known agegroup- specific serotype coverage, incidences of invasive PD, community-acquired pneumonia, and acute otitis media, case fatality rates, and disease-related expenses, an Excel-based model was created to estimate clinical and economic consequences.

The findings revealed that the anticipated yearly PD cases and related fatalities covered by PCV13 serotypes were 914,199 and 4320, respectively, across all age categories. The extra 2 and 7 serotypes covered by PCV15 and PCV20 compared to PCV13 serotypes were linked to 550,475 and 991,220 PD cases and 1425 and 3226 fatalities annually, respectively.

The extra serotypes in PCV20 significantly increase the clinical and monetary burden of PD in the US adult and pediatric populations. Despite the PCV13 pediatric national vaccination program's effectiveness and rising adult PCV13 and 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine uptake, further PCV serotype coverage across all age groups is required to significantly lower the burden of pneumococcal illness.