Journal of Thyroid Disorders & Therapy
Open Access

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Management

Moghni Zara^{* *}Correspondence: Moghni Zara, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Email:

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About the Study

Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of, diagnostic methods, and available treatment options.

Understanding hashimoto's thyroiditis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and damage to the gland's cells. The exact cause of this autoimmune response is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers.

Certain risk factors, such as a family history of autoimmune diseases, female gender, and exposure to excessive iodine or radiation, may increase the likelihood of developing Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Symptoms of hashimoto's thyroiditis

The symptoms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis can vary widely among individuals and may develop gradually over time. Some of the common signs and symptoms include:

Fatigue and weakness

Individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis often experience persistent fatigue and a general sense of weakness, even with sufficient rest. This is primarily due to the reduced production of thyroid hormones.

Weight gain and fluid retention

Hypothyroidism resulting from Hashimoto's thyroiditis can lead to weight gain, despite no significant changes in diet or physical activity. Fluid retention may also occur, causing puffiness in the face and extremities.

Cold intolerance

A reduced metabolic rate due to an underactive thyroid can lead to a decreased ability to tolerate cold temperatures. Individuals may feel excessively cold, even in mild weather conditions.

Constipation

The slowed down digestive system can result in constipation, making bowel movements infrequent and difficult.

Dry skin and hair

Hypothyroidism can cause dryness and roughness of the skin, along with brittle hair that may become thin and prone to breakage.

Depression and mood changes

Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in maintaining mood stability. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the imbalanced hormone levels can contribute to mood changes, including depression, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.

Muscle and joint pain

Individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis may experience muscle aches, stiffness, and joint pain. These symptoms can be exacerbated by physical activity.

Menstrual irregularities

Hypothyroidism can disrupt the menstrual cycle, leading to irregular periods, heavy bleeding, or prolonged periods. Fertility issues may also arise.

Swelling of the thyroid (goiter)

In some cases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis may cause the thyroid gland to enlarge, resulting in a visible swelling in the neck called a goiter. This is a result of the immune system's attack on the thyroid gland.

Diagnosis and treatment of hashimoto's thyroiditis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests.

Thyroid function tests

Blood tests measuring thyroid hormone levels (T4,T3) and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) can help determine thyroid function. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, TSH levels are typically elevated, indicating an underactive thyroid gland.