Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research
Open Access

Gut Microbes Regulating Lipid Metabolism and Alcohol Impact on Liver Fat Metabolism

Isabella Siju^{* *}Correspondence: Isabella Siju, Department of Microbiology, University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium, Email:

Author info »

Description

The gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating host metabolism. The structure and function of the gut microbiota are dynamic and are influenced by dietary factors such as lipid quantity and composition. Their interaction with the gut bacteria, dietary lipids may alter host physiology. Lipids regulate the gut microbiota by acting as a substrate for bacterial metabolic activities as well as by suppressing bacterial development through damaging effect.

In both mice and humans, the gut microbiota has been demonstrated to influence lipid metabolism and lipid levels in blood and tissues. Furthermore, disorders related with dyslipidemia, such as non-alcoholic liver disease and atherosclerosis, have been linked to alterations in the gut microbial composition. The gut microbiota's impact on host lipid metabolism may be mediated via metabolites generated by the gut microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and trimethylamine, as well as pro-inflammatory bacterially derived substances, such as lipopolysaccharide. Lipolysis is the breakdown of triacylglycerols contained in cellular lipid droplets.

Recent discoveries of essential lipolytic enzymes, as well as the identification and characterization of several regulatory proteins and processes, have radically altered our understanding of lipolysis and its role in cellular metabolism. The discovery that lipolytic products and intermediates engage in cellular signalling pathways and that "lipolytic signalling" is especially important in many non-adipose tissues reveals a previously unknown feature of lipolysis that may be relevant to human illness. Lung cancer is one of the most significant health problems in both developed and developing countries.

There are several therapy options available; yet, survival remains extremely low. Despite the fact that altered metabolism is one of the hallmarks of human cancer, lipid metabolism problems are less well understood. They have recently gained importance in this setting, and thus gaining a deeper understanding may be beneficial in obtaining new strategies for accurate diagnosis, estimating prognosis, and developing therapeutic agents based on bioactive compounds such as cerulenin, SCD1, ACLY inhibitors, statins, polyphenolic compounds, and so on. Perillartine, a sweetener produced from the plant Perilla frutescens, has shown promising results in controlling lipid metabolism. Perillartine's effects on lipid metabolism in broiler chickens were studied using a nonalcoholic fatty liver model created by a high-fat diet.

The putative molecular targets and pathways through which perillartine modulates lipid metabolism and relieves fatty liver using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Perillartine was discovered to modulate the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, lipolysis, and lipid transport in the liver, including FASN, PPAR, CPT-1, ACC, APOB, and APOA1, as well as to reduce lipid buildup in the liver and blood in broilers without compromising growth performance. Furthermore, using network pharmacology, uncovered 24 putative targets of perillartine, including SRD5A2 and XDH, and effectively created a compound-target-pathway-disease network. Perillartine seems to be a potential, long-lasting therapeutic chemical for modifying lipid metabolism abnormalities in broilers.

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) is the most common kind of chronic liver disease in the world, with high morbidity and death. ALD evolves from simple hepatic steatosis to alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The degree of hepatic steatosis is strongly linked to the development of advanced ALD. Alcohol-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disruptions include changes in hepatic lipid absorption, de novo lipid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, hepatic lipid export, and lipid droplet production and catabolism. Lipid metabolism abnormalities impair development and threaten poultry health, reducing economic advantages.