Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive Medicine
Open Access

Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium Infection in General Population

Jahn Nitschke^{* *}Correspondence: Jahn Nitschke, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, Email:

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Description

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a microorganism that has long plagued human populations. Despite numerous advancements in medicine and science, TB continues to affect millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is remarkably adept at surviving and spreading within human populations. With an estimated 10 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths in 2019, TB is one of the top ten causes of death globally. While progress has been made in reducing its incidence, the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the association of TB with HIV/AIDS further complicate efforts to control the disease. TB primarily spreads through the inhalation of aerosolized respiratory droplets containing the bacterium, making it highly contagious. The risk factors for TB include overcrowding, poverty, malnutrition, and compromised immune systems, which means that it disproportionately affects marginalized and vulnerable communities.

Firstly, TB often presents with non-specific symptoms such as cough, fever, and weight loss, leading to delayed diagnosis. Additionally, the slow growth rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis means that conventional culture-based diagnostic methods can take weeks to yield results. Rapid diagnostic techniques like the GeneXpert system have improved the situation, but accessibility and cost still limit their widespread use.

Mycobacterium infections encompass a wide range of diseases, with Tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy being the most well-known. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment, and precautionary measures play a pivotal role in preventing the spread of these infections. In this commentary, we will explore the diagnostic methods and preventive strategies associated with mycobacterial infections.

Diagnosis

Microbiological testing: The gold standard for diagnosing TB remains the microscopic examination of sputum, which can identify the acid-fast bacilli characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the case of leprosy, skin smears are used to detect Mycobacterium leprae. In more recent years, molecular techniques like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) have been employed to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of mycobacterial detection.

Serological tests: Although widely used, serological tests for TB, such as the tuberculin skin test and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs), have limitations and may produce false-positive or false-negative results. They are often used in conjunction with other diagnostic methods.

Precautionary measures

Vaccination: Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a vaccine used to prevent severe forms of TB in children, particularly in countries with a high TB burden. However, its efficacy varies, and it does not offer complete protection against TB.

Treatment of active cases: Timely diagnosis and treatment of individuals with active mycobacterial infections are fundamental in reducing transmission. Following prescribed treatment regimens and ensuring patient compliance are essential for successful outcomes and minimizing the development of drug resistance.

Preventive treatment: Individuals at high risk of developing active TB, such as those with latent TB infection or reduced immune systems, may be prescribed preventive treatment to reduce the risk of progression to active disease.

Research and development: Ongoing research into the development of more accurate diagnostic tests, shorter treatment regimens, and new vaccines is vital in the fight against
mycobacterial infections.

Conclusion

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a significant global public health concern, with its complex epidemiology, diagnostic challenges, and treatment obstacles. It requires a multi-pronged approach that addresses social determinants of health, enhances diagnostic capabilities, improves treatment regimens, and counters the stigma associated with the disease. It is only through sustained commitment and global collaboration that we can aspire to control and eventually eliminate Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a major threat to human health. The diagnosis and prevention of mycobacterial infections require a multifaceted approach that combines clinical evaluation, microbiological testing, imaging, and appropriate precautions.

Timely and accurate diagnosis is key to effective treatment and control. Precautionary measures, such as vaccination, infection control, contact tracing, and promoting good hygiene, are crucial for reducing the spread of these infections within communities and healthcare settings. As our understanding of mycobacterial infections continues to evolve, ongoing research and development efforts will further enhance our ability to diagnose and prevent these diseases.