Gynecologic laparoscopy is an alternative to open surgery. It uses a laparoscope to look inside your pelvic area. Open surgery often requires a large incision (Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1: Laparoscopic view of endometriosis (the dark spots represent endometriosis).

Figure 2: Laparoscopic Gynecologic Anatomy.

Hymenorrhaphy or hymen reconstruction surgery is the surgical restoration of the hymen. The term comes from the Greek words hymen meaning "membrane", and raphe meaning "suture". It is also known as hymenoplasty, although strictly this term would also include hymenotomy (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Hymenoplasty in Saudi Women.

A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a woman’s breast. In reconstructive plastic surgery, breast implants can be placed to restore a natural looking breast mound for post–mastectomy breast reconstruction patients or to correct congenital defects and deformities of the chest wall. They are also used cosmetically to enhance or enlarge the appearance of the breast through breast augmentation surgery (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Saline overfilled breast implants.

Penile fracture is rupture of one or both of the tunica albuginea, the fibrous coverings that envelop the penis's corpora cavernosa. It is caused by rapid blunt force to an erect penis, usually during vaginal intercourse, or aggressive masturbation (Figures 5 and 6).

Figure 5: Narrowing of the penis at the site of the fracture.

Figure 6: Iatrogenic anterior stricture stage repair.

Melanoma can also begin on the skin of the vagina or other internal organs. Melanoma is usually found on skin exposed to the sun and often appears as a dark-colored tumor on the lower or outer parts of the vagina (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Vaginal melanoma.