Journal of Cell Science & Therapy
Open Access

Challenges of Gene Therapy and Techniques

Toffel Judge^{* *}Correspondence: Toffel Judge, Department of Joint Surgery, Metropolitan Hospital, Quito 170521, Ecuador, Email:

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Description

Osteoarthritis affects the entire joint and is typically managed with pain medication for several years before undergoing arthroplasty. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful, degenerative disease affecting the major joints, particularly the hip and knee. Symptomatic Osteoarthritis affects roughly 9.6% of men and 18% of women aged 60 and more around the world. Structure abnormalities, such as articular cartilage loss, subchondral sclerosis, and marginal osteophyte formation, or symptoms associated with these abnormalities, such as discomfort, soreness, mobility limits, joint deformity, and instability, are used to diagnose Osteoarthritis.

Weight loss, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, Intra- Articular (IA) Glucocorticoid injections, and bracing are some of the current therapy options for early-stage Osteoarthritis. Total joint arthroplasty is usually the major treatment for endstage knee Osteoarthritis. This treatment approach, however, is linked to dangerous and life-threatening side effects, including an increased risk of infection. Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA), arthroscopy, and High Tibial Osteotomy (HTO) are some of the other surgical alternatives. For singlecompartment Osteoarthritis, UKA is utilised as an alternative to complete arthroplasty or HTO. HTO is a well-known therapeutic option for individuals with medial compartment Osteoarthritis of the knee, especially those who are young and active.

An alternative diagnosis for osteoarthritis of the knee is the Intra-Articular implantation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs). Although mesenchymal stem/stromal cells have the ability to produce cartilage and bone and have been studied for their ability to heal these tissues, there has been no compelling evidence to support their use in the treatment of age-related, idiopathic osteoarthritis until recently.

Hillard was the first to evaluate MSCs as a cellular medicine in human volunteers in 1995. They've since become the World's most clinically investigated experimental cell treatment platform. Because of their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, MSCs can mend cartilage and reduce inflammation and pain in the knee.

Previous research has looked into the efficacy and safety of implanting MSCs in OA-affected joints (knees, ankles, and hips), and the results have shown that MSC treatment is safe and effective. Furthermore, some other studies found that IA implantation of autologous bone marrow-MSCs in knee OA patients increased cartilage repair, pain relief, and quality of life for a lengthy period of time (1 to 4 years).

This meta-analysis was carried out in accordance with the Kuching Handbook for Reviews of Interventions recommendations, and the results were reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) statement criteria (Supplementary file). A wide range of literature on cartilage repair, mesenchymal cell biology, meniscal cartilage repair, and osteoarthritis treatments have been discovered. There were primary investigations as well as systematic reviews and meta-analyses included.

Cell treatments for cartilage defects have been found to be effective in the treatment of acute injury, but adapting them to the treatment of idiopathic osteoarthritis will be difficult. However, mesenchymal cells' biological role as a trophic factor reservoir has led to their usage as an injectable therapeutic. These studies have shown that injecting mesenchymal cells into an osteoarthritic joint can result in long-term pain relief, as well as some signs of functional improvement.