Journal of Perioperative Medicine
Open Access

Ashfaq Ul Hassan^{* *}Correspondence: Assistant Professor. Ashfaq Ul Hassan, Department of Anotomy, SKIMS Medical College, India, Email:

Author info »

Cardiac surgery is surgery on the guts or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. It is often wont to treat complications of ischemic heart condition ; to correct congenital heart condition or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.

Many of the heart surgeries are major , even though they are successful they do have some risks. Some of the major risks are bleeding, tissue damage in various organs like kidney, heart, liver and lung , stroke.The earliest operations on the pericardium took place in the 19th century.

The cardiac anesthesiologist must also manage pain related to the surgery. The anesthesiologist will have to know about your habits in order to schedule the dosage and manage pain. As most of the cardiac surgeries are major, the pain is of short term which can be managed by opoids,nerve blocks, Non–steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ketamine, lidocaine infusion.

Types of cardiac surgery

Open-heart surgery

In this sort of surgery surgeon makes an outsized incision within the chest to open the skeletal structure and operate the guts. "Open" refers to the chest, not the heart. Cardiopulmonary bypass was developed after surgeons realized the restrictions of hypothermia in cardiac surgery. It is also called as the Traditional kind of surgery.

Beating-heart surgery

In the early 1990s, surgeons began to perform off-pump arteria coronaria bypass, avoided cardiopulmonary bypass. In

these operations, the heart continues beating during surgery and connect a conduit vessel,saphenous vein that bypasses a blockage. This vein is harvested employing a technique referred to as endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH).

Heart transplant

A heart transplant is an operation during which a diseased, failing heart is replaced with a healthier donor heart. Heart transplant may be a treatment that's usually reserved for people whose condition hasn't improved enough with medications or other surgeries. Norman Shumway is widely considered the daddy of human heart transplantation.

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)

It is also called revascularization. It is a standard surgery to make an alternate path to deliver blood supply to the guts and body, with the goal of preventing clot formation. The arteries used can be taken from several areas of the body typically harvested from the chest, arm, or wrist and attached to a portion of the coronary artery, relieving pressure.

Minimally invasive surgery

As an alternative to open-heart surgery, which involves a five- to eight-inch incision in the chest wall,by making very small incisions through which a camera and specialized tools are inserted. The main advantage to this is the size of the incision required only three small port holes instead of an incision big enough for the surgeon's hands. The use of robotics in operation continues to be evaluated, but early research has shown it to be a secure alternative to traditional techniques. It takes less time than the traditional surgery but it is as effective as it.